Divalent Cation Removal by Donnan Dialysis for Improved Reverse Electrodialysis

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Timon RijnaartsK Nijmeijer

Abstract

Divalent cations in feedwater can cause significant decreases in efficiencies for membrane processes, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED). In RED, power is harvested from the mixing of river and seawater, and the obtainable voltage is reduced and the resistance is increased if divalent cations are present. The power density of the RED process can be improved by removing divalent cations from the fresh water. Here, we study divalent cation removal from fresh water using seawater as draw solution in a Donnan dialysis (DD) process. In this way, a membrane system with neither chemicals nor electrodes but only natural salinity gradients can be used to exchange divalent cations. For DD, the permselectivity of the cation exchange membrane is found to be crucial as it determines the ability to block salt leakage (also referred to as co-ion transport). Operating DD using a membrane stack achieved a 76% reduction in the divalent cation content in natural fresh water with residence times of just a few seconds. DD pretreated fresh water was then used in a RED process, which showed improved gross and net power densities of 9.0 and 6.3%, respectively. This improvement is caused by a lower fresh water resistance (at similar open circuit vol...Continue Reading

References

Nov 30, 2004·Journal of Colloid and Interface Science·Laurent Bazinet, Monica Araya-Farias
Aug 19, 2007·Journal of Colloid and Interface Science·Christophe CasademontLaurent Bazinet
Jul 9, 2011·Environmental Science & Technology·David A VermaasKitty Nijmeijer
Sep 20, 2016·Environmental Science & Technology·J MorenoK Nijmeijer
Sep 28, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Timon RijnaartsKitty Nijmeijer

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Citations

Aug 29, 2018·Dalton Transactions : an International Journal of Inorganic Chemistry·Yiming ZhangJun Wang
Dec 24, 2018·Environmental Science & Technology·Laura PaltrinieriLouis C P M de Smet

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Software Mentioned

RED

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