DNA watermarks: a proof of concept.

BMC Molecular Biology
Dominik Heider, Angelika Barnekow

Abstract

DNA-based watermarks are helpful tools to identify the unauthorized use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) protected by patents. In silico analyses showed that in coding regions synonymous codons can be used to insert encrypted information into the genome of living organisms by using the DNA-Crypt algorithm. We integrated an authenticating watermark in the Vam7 sequence. For our investigations we used a mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, called CG783, which has an amber mutation within the Vam7 sequence. The CG783 cells are unable to sporulate and in addition display an abnormal vacuolar morphology. Transformation of CG783 with pRS314 Vam7 leads to a phenotype very similar to the wildtype yeast strain CG781. The integrated watermark did not influence the function of Vam7 and the resulting phenotype of the CG783 cells transformed with pRS314 Vam7-TB shows no significant differences compared to the CG783 cells transformed with pRS314 Vam7. From our experiments we conclude that the DNA watermarks produced by DNA-Crypt do not influence the translation from mRNA into protein. By analyzing the vacuolar morphology, growth rate and ability to sporulate we confirmed that the resulting Vam7 protein was functionally active.

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Citations

Dec 17, 2008·Systems and Synthetic Biology·Nozomu YachieMasaru Tomita
Jul 5, 2008·Bioinformatics·Dominik HeiderAngelika Barnekow
Sep 22, 2009·Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire·Mustapha AouidaDindial Ramotar
Jul 9, 2009·BMC Research Notes·Dominik HeiderAngelika Barnekow
Aug 21, 2012·PloS One·Michael LissRalf Wagner
Jun 30, 2010·PLoS Pathogens·Daniel C JupiterPaul de Figueiredo
Mar 31, 2011·Biotechnology and Bioengineering·Kyung-Woo KimEvgeny Katz
Mar 30, 2016·Journal of Biotechnology·Tyler D P Brunet
Sep 23, 2016·BMC Bioinformatics·Siguna MuellerDon Roth
Sep 17, 2009·Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment·Dominik HeiderMarkus Borschbach
Sep 26, 2017·IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics·Safwat HamadAmal Khalifa
Nov 9, 2019·Applied Mechanics Reviews·Shaobao LiuFeng Xu
Mar 3, 2021·BMC Bioinformatics·Casey B BernhardsHenry S Gibbons
Dec 16, 2021·Nucleic Acids Research·Hannah F LöchelDominik Heider

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
fluorescence microscopy
PCR

Software Mentioned

ClustalW
PHD
DNA
DSC
PREDATOR
MLRC
Crypt

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