Do Galactolipid Synthases Play a Key Role in the Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes of Higher Plants?

Frontiers in Plant Science
Joana RochaChristelle Breton

Abstract

A unique feature of chloroplasts is their high content of the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), which constitute up to 80% of their lipids. These galactolipids are synthesized in the chloroplast envelope membrane through the concerted action of galactosyltransferases, the so-called 'MGDG synthases (MGDs)' and 'DGDG synthases (DGDs),' which use uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose as donor. In Arabidopsis leaves, under standard conditions, the enzymes MGD1 and DGD1 provide the bulk of galactolipids, necessary for the massive expansion of thylakoid membranes. Under phosphate limited conditions, plants activate another pathway involving MGD2/MGD3 and DGD2 to provide additional DGDG that is exported to extraplastidial membranes where they partly replace phospholipids, a phosphate-saving mechanism in plants. A third enzyme system, which relies on the UDP-Gal-independent GGGT (also called SFR2 for SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2), can be activated in response to a freezing stress. The biosynthesis of galactolipids by these multiple enzyme sets must be tightly regulated to meet the cellular demand in response to changing environmental conditions. The cooperation between MGD and DGD enzymes...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 16, 2019·Journal of Experimental Botany·Radosław MazurŁucja Kowalewska
Jul 29, 2020·Frontiers in Plant Science·Keith Ka Ki MaiByung-Ho Kang
Dec 20, 2019·Journal of Experimental Botany·Tegan Armarego-MarriottŁucja Kowalewska
Nov 20, 2020·Journal of Experimental Botany·D M S B DissanayakaWilliam C Plaxton
Dec 29, 2020·Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB·Meshack AfitlhileLogan Brown
Apr 2, 2021·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Jiabao LyuZheng Guo
May 6, 2021·Journal of Experimental Botany·Carlos M FigueroaAlberto A Iglesias
Jun 3, 2021·Biomolecules·Tibo De ConinckEls J M Van Damme

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