Drug crystallization - implications for topical and transdermal delivery

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
Jonathan Hadgraft, Majella E Lane

Abstract

Crystallization of actives in skin following topical application was suggested by studies in the 1950s and 1960s but is poorly understood. In contrast, the problem of crystallization of actives on skin and in transdermal formulations has been known for many years. With respect to crystallization in skin, this review describes early reports of a skin 'reservoir' and possible reasons underlying its genesis. Techniques to study crystallization on and in skin and in transdermal patches are outlined. The role of the vehicle in skin delivery is emphasised. Studies which have investigated permeation from crystalline particles are described. Approaches to limit crystallization of actives are discussed. Using supersaturation and antinuclean polymers, control of crystal size is possible; controlled release from crystals is also employed in transdermal patches. Drug crystallization has significant implications for topical and transdermal delivery. Approaches have been developed to counteract the issue for transdermal patches but crystallization in and on the skin for other formulations remains unresolved. Greater knowledge of residence time of excipients and their interaction with skin at the molecular level is critical in order to addres...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 17, 2019·Pharmaceutics·Dolores R SerranoJuan José Torrado
Jul 8, 2020·Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery·Choon Fu GohMajella E Lane
Nov 5, 2020·Chemical Communications : Chem Comm·Mark Louis P Vidallon, Boon Mian Teo
Dec 4, 2019·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Muhammad Azam TahirAlf Lamprecht
Mar 11, 2021·Micron : the International Research and Review Journal for Microscopy·Choon Fu GohMajella E Lane
Jun 5, 2016·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Jonathan Hadgraft, Majella E Lane
May 29, 2020·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Elodie FaucheuxGéraldine Savary
May 1, 2021·Pharmaceutics·Avnish PatelMajella E Lane
Jun 3, 2021·Pharmaceutics·Yanling ZhangMajella E Lane
Aug 18, 2021·Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews·Michael S RobertsJeffrey E Grice
Oct 10, 2020·International Journal of Pharmaceutics·Nahid S KamalAhmed Zidan

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