Drug effects: agonistic and antagonistic processes

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
Magne Arve Flaten

Abstract

The research presented here has shown that tolerance to drugs can be accelerated by conditioning processes. Placebo effects may be considered the opposite of tolerance, and we have shown that placebo effects may be objectively recorded by physiological measures (electromyography, skin conductance responses, and event-related potentials), as well as by behavioral and subjective methods. The placebo response, or more precisely, the expectation of drug effects, can add to the effect of the drug. Drug antagonistic expectations can also reverse the effect of the drug. There is some evidence that placebo effects are strongest when expectations are reinforced by administration of an active drug. Expectations have graded effects and may affect symptoms to a smaller or larger degree. Although drug effects can be considered stimuli, the investigation of the role of classical conditioning in drug use and drug effects involves special issues that must be carefully considered.

References

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Mar 31, 2006·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity·Tor D WagerKenneth L Casey
Jul 4, 2006·Journal of Psychosomatic Research·Magne Arve FlatenOddmund Johansen
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Feb 20, 2009·Psychophysiology·Frauke NeesHartmut Schächinger

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Citations

May 18, 2011·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Magne Arve FlatenEspen Bjørkedal
Nov 11, 2011·The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience·Karin MeissnerMagne Arve Flaten
Mar 27, 2012·European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Aimee M HunterAndrew F Leuchter
Jan 31, 2012·Trends in Pharmacological Sciences·Bettina K Doering, Winfried Rief

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