Dual-Phase Tapped-Delay-Line Time-to-Digital Converter With On-the-Fly Calibration Implemented in 40 nm FPGA

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
Jun Yeon WonJae Sung Lee

Abstract

This paper describes two novel time-to-digital converter (TDC) architectures. The first is a dual-phase tapped-delay-line (TDL) TDC architecture that allows us to minimize the clock skew problem that causes the highly nonlinear characteristics of the TDC. The second is a pipelined on-the-fly calibration architecture that continuously compensates the nonlinearity and calibrates the fine times using the most up-to-date bin widths without additional dead time. The two architectures were combined and implemented in a single Virtex-6 device (ML605, Xilinx) for time interval measurement. The standard uncertainty for the time intervals from 0 to 20 ns was less than 12.83 ps-RMS (root mean square). The resolution (i.e., the least significant bit, LSB) of the TDC was approximately 10 ps at room temperature. The differential nonlinearity (DNL) values were [-1.0, 1.91] and [-1.0, 1.88] LSB and the integral nonlinearity (INL) values were [-2.20, 2.60] and [-1.63, 3.93] LSB for the two different TDLs that constitute one TDC channel. During temperature drift from 10 to 50(°)C, the TDC with on-the-fly calibration maintained the standard uncertainty of 11.03 ps-RMS.

References

Feb 22, 2008·Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine·Joel S KarpGerd Muehllehner
Jul 21, 2009·Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine·Dan J KadrmasDavid W Townsend
Jul 16, 2013·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems·David TyndallRobert K Henderson

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Citations

Jun 9, 2016·Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging·Muhammad Nasir UllahJung Yeol Yeom
Jan 1, 2018·The Review of Scientific Instruments·R SzpletT Sondej
Apr 28, 2020·Physics in Medicine and Biology·Aaron SelfridgeRamsey Badawi
May 3, 2019·The Review of Scientific Instruments·Haojie XiaNing Dong
May 6, 2019·Physics in Medicine and Biology·Guen Bae Ko, Jae Sung Lee
Sep 21, 2016·Physics in Medicine and Biology·Jun Yeon WonJae Sung Lee
Jul 24, 2020·Physics in Medicine and Biology·Haewook Park, Jae Sung Lee
Sep 4, 2019·Biosensors & Bioelectronics·Ava HedayatipourNicole McFarlane
Jan 21, 2021·Sensors·Mojtaba ParsakordasiabiRicardo Carmona-Galán
Mar 13, 2021·Physics in Medicine and Biology·Dennis R Schaart

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