Abstract
The field of photovoltaics gives the opportunity to make our buildings ''smart'' and our portable devices "independent", provided effective energy sources can be developed for use in ambient indoor conditions. To address this important issue, ambient light photovoltaic cells were developed to power autonomous Internet of Things (IoT) devices, capable of machine learning, allowing the on-device implementation of artificial intelligence. Through a novel co-sensitization strategy, we tailored dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells based on a copper(ii/i) electrolyte for the generation of power under ambient lighting with an unprecedented conversion efficiency (34%, 103 μW cm-2 at 1000 lux; 32.7%, 50 μW cm-2 at 500 lux and 31.4%, 19 μW cm-2 at 200 lux from a fluorescent lamp). A small array of DSCs with a joint active area of 16 cm2 was then used to power machine learning on wireless nodes. The collection of 0.947 mJ or 2.72 × 1015 photons is needed to compute one inference of a pre-trained artificial neural network for MNIST image classification in the employed set up. The inference accuracy of the network exceeded 90% for standard test images and 80% using camera-acquired printed MNIST-digits. Quantization of the neural network signif...Continue Reading
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