Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar)

Environmental Science & Technology
Marco KeiluweitMarkus Kleber

Abstract

Char black carbon (BC), the solid residue of incomplete combustion, is continuously being added to soils and sediments due to natural vegetation fires, anthropogenic pollution, and new strategies for carbon sequestration ("biochar"). Here we present a molecular-level assessment of the physical organization and chemical complexity of biomass-derived chars and, specifically, that of aromatic carbon in char structures. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-N(2) surface area (SA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy are used to show how two plant materials (wood and grass) undergo analogous but quantitatively different physical-chemical transitions as charring temperature increases from 100 to 700 degrees C. These changes suggest the existence of four distinct categories of char consisting of a unique mixture of chemical phases and physical states: (i) in transition chars, the crystalline character of the precursor materials is preserved; (ii) in amorphous chars, the heat-altered molecules and incipient aromatic polycondensates are randomly mixed; (iii) composite chars consist of poorly ordered graphene stacks embedded in amorphous...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 4, 2010·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology·Ben A Stenuit, Spiros N Agathos
Apr 24, 2013·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mahtab AhmadYong Sik Ok
Jan 16, 2013·Bioresource Technology·Mi LiGuangren Qian
May 15, 2013·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Ling ZhaoAndrew Zimmerman
Oct 27, 2011·Environmental Science & Technology·Marc TeixidóJordan Peccia
Mar 1, 2012·Environmental Science & Technology·Laurent RemusatDelphine Derrien
Aug 1, 2012·Environmental Science & Technology·Marco KeiluweitFredrick G Prahl
Sep 28, 2012·Environmental Science & Technology·Bhupinder Pal SinghRonald J Smernik
Jul 24, 2013·Environmental Science & Technology·Tjisse HiemstraBastiaan Molleman
Sep 18, 2013·Environmental Science & Technology·Maximilian P W SchneiderMichael W I Schmidt
Jan 28, 2012·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Minori UchimiyaLynda H Wartelle
Dec 26, 2012·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Nicolai David JablonowskiPeter Burauel
Jan 25, 2013·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Fungai N D MukomeSanjai J Parikh
Dec 25, 2013·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Linbo Qian, Baoliang Chen
Aug 25, 2012·Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association·Guofeng ShangQin Chen
Oct 8, 2014·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·S RamolaR K Srivastava
Feb 19, 2014·Bioresource Technology·Tyler HugginsZhiyong Jason Ren
May 27, 2014·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Jingkuan SunZhengguo Song
Feb 18, 2014·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Jun MengJianming Xu
Aug 2, 2014·Chemosphere·Daniel B WiedemeierGuido L B Wiesenberg
Feb 5, 2016·The Science of the Total Environment·Jie JinBaoshan Xing
Nov 26, 2015·Nature·Johannes Lehmann, Markus Kleber

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