Early Gestational Hypoxia and Adverse Developmental Outcomes

Birth Defects Research
Helen E RitchieJaimie W Polson

Abstract

Hypoxia is a normal and essential part of embryonic development. However, this state may leave the embryo vulnerable to damage when oxygen supply is disturbed. Embryofetal response to hypoxia is dependent on duration and depth of hypoxia, as well as developmental stage. Early postimplantation rat embryos were resilient to hypoxia, with many surviving up to 1.5 hr of uterine clamping, while most mid-gestation embryos were dead after 1 hour of clamping. Survivors were small and many had a range of defects, principally terminal transverse limb reduction defects. Similar patterns of malformations occurred when embryonic hypoxia was induced by maternal hypoxia, interruption of uteroplacental flow, or perfusion and embryonic bradycardia. There is good evidence that high altitude pregnancies are associated with smaller babies and increased risk of some malformations, but these results are complicated by increased risk of pre-eclampsia. Early onset pre-eclampsia itself is associated with small for dates and increased risk of atrio-ventricular septal defects. Limb defects have clearly been associated with chorionic villus sampling, cocaine, and misoprostol use. Similar defects are also observed with increased frequency among fetuses who...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 11, 2018·Journal of Applied Physiology·Margie H DavenportTrevor A Day
Feb 8, 2021·Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E·Marwa AtallahKoji Abe
Feb 11, 2021·BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth·Eduardo TejeraMarco Coral-Almeida

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