Abstract
Acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR), a dietary supplement and an antioxidant, plays a vital role in the bioenergetic process that produces ATP. Although there are reports on antioxidant toxicity, there is no information on the potential toxicity of ALCAR. Here, using zebrafish embryos, we explored whether ALCAR modulated ATP synthesis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of specific genes related to major signaling pathways that control metabolism, growth, differentiation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. First, we show that ALCAR elicits a physiologic response, as ATP levels increased after ALCAR treatment. Simultaneously, an increase in the expression of ROS, a by-product of ATP synthesis, was observed in the ALCAR-treated embryos. Consistent with higher ROS expression, the level of cysteine, a precursor of glutathione, was significantly reduced. ALCAR did not have any drastic effect on overall development and heart rate. Polymerase chain reaction-based gene expression array analyses showed no significant change in the expression of 83 genes related to 10 major signaling pathways including: the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), Wingless and Int-1 (Wnt), nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1991·Thorax·M M BridgemanA P Ryle
Apr 1, 1990·Physiological Reviews·H Suga
Jan 1, 1988·Annual Review of Biochemistry·L L Bieber
Nov 1, 1982·The Journal of Pediatrics·L J WaberA Shug
Feb 15, 1995·Journal of Neuroscience Research·K TewariJ R Perez-Polo
Jun 8, 2000·Science·G Vogel
Feb 16, 2002·Methods : a Companion to Methods in Enzymology·K J Livak, T D Schmittgen
Jul 29, 2003·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·John D Storey, Robert Tibshirani
Apr 3, 2004·Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition·A S HillM M Christopher
Sep 25, 2004·American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology·Kristin HeerleinHeimo Mairbäurl
Dec 14, 2004·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·Jiankang LiuBruce N Ames
Jan 3, 2006·JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·Alison L SteiberLorraine J Weatherspoon
Feb 7, 2006·Nutrition·Giulia GramignanoGiovanni Mantovani
Feb 16, 2010·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta·Giancarlo SolainiGianluca Sgarbi
Jun 22, 2010·Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·Claudio PisanoFranco Zunino
Jan 13, 2011·CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets·Hector H PalaciosGjumrakch Aliev
Jul 1, 2002·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Aalt Bast, Guido R M M Haenen
Sep 3, 2011·Current Neuropharmacology·A VirmaniZ K Binienda
Oct 27, 2011·Reproductive Toxicology·Jyotshnabala KanungoMerle G Paule
Nov 4, 2011·Clinical Nutrition : Official Journal of the European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·Clelia MadedduGiovanni Mantovani
Dec 3, 2011·European Journal of Nutrition·Robert RingseisKlaus Eder
Apr 24, 2013·Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer·Estela Iraci RabitoJúlio Sérgio Marchini
Jul 31, 2013·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·Elvis CuevasJyotshna Kanungo
Feb 8, 2014·Current Pharmaceutical Design·Jyotshna KanungoMerle G Paule
Jan 7, 2015·Clinical Toxicology : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists·James B MowryMarsha Ford
Jun 7, 2015·Archives of Toxicology·Dania C Liemburg-ApersSander Grefte
Sep 15, 2015·Neuroscience Letters·Bonnie L RobinsonJyotshna Kanungo
Feb 16, 2016·Chemical Reviews·Maan HayyanInas M AlNashef
Feb 24, 2016·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·Bonnie L RobinsonJyotshna Kanungo
May 19, 2016·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Xiaoqing GuoJyotshna Kanungo
Aug 26, 2016·G3 : Genes - Genomes - Genetics·Lan GuoPaul Russell
Jun 2, 2017·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Bonnie L RobinsonJyotshna Kanungo
Dec 12, 2017·Neurotoxicology and Teratology·Bonnie L RobinsonJyotshna Kanungo
Mar 29, 2019·Neuropharmacology·Matheus MarconAngelo Piato
Apr 3, 2019·The British Journal of Nutrition·Uzman B CheemaRobert Ringseis
May 13, 2019·Neuroscience Letters·Bonnie RobinsonJyotshna Kanungo
Sep 6, 2019·Nutrients·Deanna M Minich, Benjamin I Brown
Oct 11, 2019·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Bonnie L RobinsonJyotshna Kanungo