Effects of body size, body density, gender and growth on underwater torque

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
P ZamparoD R Pendergast

Abstract

Two forces act on a human body motionless in water: weight (W) and buoyancy (B). They are applied to the center of mass (CM) and to the center of volume (CV) of the subject, respectively. CM and CV do not coincide; this generates a torque that is a measure of the tendency of the upper part of the body to rise, rotating around its center of mass. To quantify this tendency, Pendergast & Craig defined 'underwater torque' (T') as the product of the net force with which the feet of a subject lying horizontally in water tend to sink, times the distance between the feet and the center of volume of the lungs. In this paper we have investigated: (a) the relationships between T' and body weight (BW), height (H), body surface area (BS), body density (BD) and leg density (LD) in a group of 30 subjects (group A, 14 females and 16 males, age range 16-50 years); and (b) the effect of gender and growth on T' in a group of 110 subjects (group B, 67 girls and 43 boys, age range 12-17 years). In group A, T' was found to be linearly related with BW (r=0.833, P<0.001), H (r=0.803, P<0.001), BS (r=0.866, P<0.001), BD (r=0.617, P<0.001) and LD (r=0.549, P<0.005). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that BS and BD explained about 85% of the v...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Sep 5, 2003·European Journal of Applied Physiology·D PendergastJ Mollendorf
Dec 7, 2019·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Paola ZamparoGiorgio Gatta
Mar 11, 2020·Journal of Sports Sciences·Bruno MezêncioJulio Cerca Serrão
Aug 5, 2000·Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport·S P McLean, R N Hinrichs
Jun 5, 2004·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·Joseph C MollendorfDavid R Pendergast
Mar 1, 2008·Journal of Applied Biomechanics·Per-Ludvik Kjendlie, Robert Keig Stallman
Jan 25, 2008·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Tiago M BarbosaJ P Vilas-Boas
Dec 31, 2015·Sports Biomechanics·Yusuke Maruyama, Toshimasa Yanai
Mar 22, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Matteo CortesiRaffaele Scurati
Nov 20, 2008·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Sébastien Ratel, Bastien Poujade
Feb 10, 2006·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Paola Zamparo
Apr 30, 2010·European Journal of Applied Physiology·P ZamparoD Pendergast
Apr 8, 2016·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Kirstin S MorrisDavid G Jenkins
Dec 10, 2020·Scientific Reports·Naoki YoshidaMasahiro Kohzuki
Dec 22, 2020·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·Luke HogarthBrendan Burkett
Jun 16, 2010·Journal of Biomechanics·Cecilie CaspersenPer-Ludvik Kjendlie

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