Effects of light refraction on the accuracy of camera calibration and reconstruction in underwater motion analysis

Sports Biomechanics
Young-Hoo Kwon, Jeffrey B Casebolt

Abstract

One of the most serious obstacles to accurate quantification of the underwater motion of a swimmer's body is image deformation caused by refraction. Refraction occurs at the water-air interface plane (glass) owing to the density difference. Camera calibration-reconstruction algorithms commonly used in aquatic research do not have the capability to correct this refraction-induced nonlinear image deformation and produce large reconstruction errors. The aim of this paper is to provide a through review of: the nature of the refraction-induced image deformation and its behaviour in underwater object-space plane reconstruction; the intrinsic shortcomings of the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method in underwater motion analysis; experimental conditions that interact with refraction; and alternative algorithms and strategies that can be used to improve the calibration-reconstruction accuracy. Although it is impossible to remove the refraction error completely in conventional camera calibration-reconstruction methods, it is possible to improve the accuracy to some extent by manipulating experimental conditions or calibration frame characteristics. Alternative algorithms, such as the localized DLT and the double-plane method are als...Continue Reading

References

Feb 1, 1995·Journal of Biomechanics·M A BergerA P Hollander
May 1, 1996·Journal of Biomechanics·T YanaiJ T Gerot
Dec 1, 1995·Journal of Sports Sciences·C J Payton, R M Bartlett
Mar 9, 1999·Journal of Sports Sciences·M A BergerG de Groot
Apr 17, 2002·Journal of Biomechanics·Barry Bixler, Scott Riewald
Mar 30, 2004·Journal of Biomechanics·Toshimasa Yanai

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Citations

Aug 3, 2012·Journal of Sports Sciences·Sharief HendricksMichael Lambert
Sep 1, 2011·Journal of Human Kinetics·Pedro FigueiredoRicardo J Fernandes
Jan 20, 2011·Journal of Applied Biomechanics·Marc ElipotNicolas Houel

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