PMID: 9545658Apr 18, 1998Paper

Effects of threat of shock, shock electrode placement and darkness on startle

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
Christian Grillon, R Ameli

Abstract

Fear can be elicited by physically-presented explicit threat stimuli or by more static contextual stimuli that are not an immediate source of danger. Research in both humans and animals suggest that fear produced by these two types of stimuli represents separate processes mediated by different brain structures. The present study used the startle reflex methodology to examine affective responses elicited by an explicit threat cue signalling a period of shock anticipation and by two types of contextual stimuli; darkness and attaching the shock electrodes. As expected, shock anticipation potentiated startle (fear-potentiated startle). Startle was also facilitated by darkness and by the placement of shock electrodes. Further, darkness increased fear-potentiated startle to an explicit threat cue, but did not affect the facilitation of startle produced by attaching the shock electrodes. It is suggested that affective responses to contextual stimuli should be considered when investigating both normal and pathological fear.

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Citations

Dec 7, 2007·Psychopharmacology·Christian Grillon
Sep 17, 2005·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Raphael BernierSara Webb
Aug 6, 2004·Biological Psychology·Koen B E BöckerMarinus N Verbaten
Apr 7, 1999·International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology·C GrillonC Nelson
Oct 28, 2004·Behavioral Neuroscience·Christian GrillonJean Milstein
Dec 22, 2005·Emotion·Shmuel LissekChristian Grillon
Aug 21, 2009·Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Michael DavisChristian Grillon
Sep 15, 2006·Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Christian GrillonDaniel S Pine
Nov 16, 2013·PloS One·Stacey M SchaeferRichard J Davidson
Jan 21, 2011·The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience·Alexander J ShackmanRichard J Davidson
Jun 10, 2015·The Spanish Journal of Psychology·M Carmen PastorJavier Moltó
Sep 18, 2015·American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : the Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics·Jennifer A SumnerKarestan C Koenen
May 21, 2009·Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·Bethany C Reeb-SutherlandNathan A Fox
Oct 20, 2009·Biological Psychology·Fredrik AhsMats Fredrikson
Sep 24, 2015·International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology·Dieuwke SevensterMerel Kindt
Aug 19, 2008·International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology·Christiane A MelzigJulian F Thayer
Aug 19, 2007·Biological Psychology·Shmuel LissekChristian Grillon
Sep 25, 2014·Psychophysiology·Vincent D CostaPeter J Lang
Jul 11, 2006·Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior·Erica L UngerJohn L Beard
Sep 15, 2005·International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology·Miquel-Angel FullanaRafael Torrubia
Jun 4, 2013·Biological Psychology·Jonathan P DunningGreg Hajcak
Apr 26, 2016·Depression and Anxiety·Nicholas L BalderstonChristian Grillon
Nov 29, 2014·Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Christian GrillonMonique Ernst
Dec 20, 2005·Biological Psychology·Edelyn VeronaTheodore W Bender
Apr 17, 2012·Psychoneuroendocrinology·Marieke Soeter, Merel Kindt
Apr 30, 2005·Biological Psychiatry·Christian GrillonMyrna M Weissman
May 13, 2005·Journal of Psychopharmacology·S J GrahamJ A Wagner
May 31, 2017·ELife·Nicholas L BalderstonChristian Grillon
Apr 11, 2018·Depression and Anxiety·Tiffany R LagoChristian Grillon
Oct 10, 2008·Psychosomatic Medicine·Bruce D NaliboffEdward Ornitz
Dec 4, 2019·Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Nicholas L BalderstonChristian Grillon

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