PMID: 6409717May 1, 1983Paper

Electromyographic studies of the human foot: experimental approaches to hominid evolution

Foot & Ankle
L A ReeserJ T Stern

Abstract

Theories about the functions of the foot muscles have centered on their role in arch support. Previous anatomical and electromyographic studies (reviewed herein) have demonstrated that the arches are normally maintained by bones and ligaments. This study reports an electromyographic investigation of five foot muscles (flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor accessorius, abductor hallucis, and abductor digiti quinti) conducted on four humans. The three toe flexors act together to resist extension of the toes during the stance phase of locomotion. Despite the large flexor accessorius in humans, neither this muscle nor the flexor digitorum brevis are preferentially recruited over the flexor digitorum longus for any normal posture or locomotion. The abductors affect the mediolateral distribution of pressure by positioning the forefoot. We suggest that the foot muscles play an important role in positioning of the forces on the foot in both posture and locomotion. Future electromyographic experiments on human and ape foot muscles in conjunction with detailed studies of early hominid fossils promise to elucidate the pathways of human locomotor evolution.

References

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Citations

Dec 6, 2011·Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA·Sunita Arvind Athavale Swathi
Sep 30, 2008·Journal of Foot and Ankle Research·Alyse Fm CameronWayne A Hing
Jun 27, 2006·Sports Medicine·Scott C WearingAndrew P Hills
Jun 6, 2013·Clinical Biomechanics·Cory L HofmannNeil A Sharkey
Dec 23, 2014·Journal of Foot and Ankle Research·Kristen L SchroederSoo Y Kim
Aug 25, 2009·The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·Andrew J MeyrRyan G Ahalt
Oct 7, 2009·Clinical Anatomy : Official Journal of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists & the British Association of Clinical Anatomists·Sonali Kataria, T S Roy
May 3, 2006·The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·Ward Mylo Glasoe, Michael J Coughlin
Mar 25, 2014·British Journal of Sports Medicine·Patrick O McKeonIrene Davis
Nov 26, 2014·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Karl E ZelikFrancesco Lacquaniti
Nov 28, 2012·Journal of Foot and Ankle Research·Achini SoysaJoshua Burns
May 1, 1983·Foot & Ankle·J T Laitman
Jul 1, 1993·Foot & Ankle·C K HuangE Y Chao
Jan 13, 2018·Journal of Anatomy·Motoharu OishiNobutsune Ichihara
Apr 17, 2019·Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA·Mutsuaki EdamaIkuo Kageyama
Jan 17, 2014·Journal of Neurophysiology·Karl E ZelikFrancesco Lacquaniti
Sep 22, 2009·Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association·Jo L TweedJackie A Campbell
Jan 19, 2008·Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association·Peter WolfEdgar Stuessi
Oct 27, 2001·Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association·K A Kirby
Mar 20, 2003·Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association·Craig PayneKathryn Miller
Dec 31, 2002·Foot & Ankle International·Aneel NihalElly Trepman
Nov 28, 2017·Physiological Measurement·Francesco Di NardoSandro Fioretti
Sep 8, 2018·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Nicholas B Holowka, Daniel E Lieberman
Dec 24, 2018·American Journal of Physical Anthropology·Jeremy DeSilvaBernhard Zipfel
Nov 18, 2020·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Nicholas B HolowkaDaniel E Lieberman
Feb 17, 2009·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Campbell RolianWilliam Werbel
Jul 13, 2021·Morphologie : Bulletin De L'Association Des Anatomistes·S B Nayak, S K Vasudeva
May 9, 2002·The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·Thomas S RoukisJames B Ringstrom

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