Emergence agitation in children: an update

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
Marie T Aouad, Viviane G Nasr

Abstract

In this review, the most recent and relevant developments in the field of emergence agitation in children, as related to its assessment, etiology, and management, are discussed. Studies have shown that a more specific assessment tool is needed to decrease measurement errors. Such scales have been developed recently and incorporate cognitive-related assessment items in addition to agitation behaviors. Young, emotional, impulsive and less social children with anxious parents undergoing head and neck surgery are identified to be at risk for the development of emergence agitation. Factors that may influence the occurrence of this postanesthetic behavior include the level of preoperative anxiety and premedication, anesthesia drugs, as well as awakening in a hostile environment and feeling pain. Management include ruling out all possible causes, such as physiologic compromise, physical discomfort and pain. Treatment of emergence agitation is usually not required since the condition is self-limiting. If unremitting, however, treatment with opioids, benzodiazepines or small doses of hypnotics may be required. It is recommended that children at high risk are identified in order to decrease their level of preoperative anxiety, to supplem...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Jun 8, 2010·Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthésie·Daihua YuLinong Yao
Jan 25, 2013·Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthésie·Jia-Yao ChenWen-Xian Li
Dec 20, 2015·Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthésie·Xiuze LiJuan Li
Jun 2, 2012·Pain Management Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses·Roxie L Foster, Jeong-hwan Park
May 25, 2007·Annales Françaises D'anesthèsie Et De Rèanimation·I Constant
Aug 31, 2014·Progress in Neurobiology·L Stan LeungIan Herrick
Feb 18, 2016·The Journal of International Medical Research·Kyung Mi KimEunsu Kang
Oct 10, 2014·The Journal of International Medical Research·Jin JooYoonki Lee
Oct 17, 2015·The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT : the Official Journal of PPAG·Tadasuke UseTaku Fukano
Mar 27, 2020·Korean journal of anesthesiology·Seok-Jin Lee, Tae-Yun Sung
Dec 11, 2020·Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery·Yongle ShiLi Tian

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