Emerging Role of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Family of Cytokines in Neuroblastoma. Pathogenic Effectors and Novel Therapeutic Targets?

Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
Eugenio CavalliMaria Sofia Basile

Abstract

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequent extracranial pediatric tumor. Despite the current available multiple therapeutic options, the prognosis for high-risk NB patients remains unsatisfactory and makes the disease a clear unmet medical need. Thus, more tailored therapeutic approaches are warranted to improve both the quality of life and the survival of the patients. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in several diseases, including cancer. Preclinical and clinical studies in NB patients convergently indicate that MIF exerts pro-tumorigenic properties in NB. MIF is upregulated in NB tumor tissues and cell lines and it contributes to NB aggressiveness and immune-escape. To date, there are only a few data about the role of the second member of the MIF family, the MIF homolog d-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), in NB. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical studies on the role of the MIF family of cytokines in NB and suggest that MIF and possibly DDT inhibitors may be promising novel prognostic and therapeutic targets in NB management.

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Citations

Apr 30, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Maria Sofia BasileEugenio Cavalli
Jan 25, 2021·QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians·Mauro VasellaBong-Sung Kim
Jan 7, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Rosario CaltabianoPaolo Fagone
Nov 7, 2020·Medicinal Research Reviews·Atif ZafarRuiwen Zhang
Mar 7, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Tullia TodrosFrancesca Ietta
Jun 10, 2021·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·Yoko YoshihisaTadamichi Shimizu

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Methods Mentioned

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xenograft
in silico methods
transfection

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