Encoding, Consolidation, and Renormalization in Depression: Synaptic Homeostasis, Plasticity, and Sleep Integrate Rapid Antidepressant Effects

Pharmacological Reviews
Tomi Rantamäki, Samuel Kohtala

Abstract

Recent studies have strived to find an association between rapid antidepressant effects and a specific subset of pharmacological targets and molecular pathways. Here, we propose a broader hypothesis of encoding, consolidation, and renormalization in depression (ENCORE-D), which suggests that, fundamentally, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects rely on intrinsic homeostatic mechanisms evoked as a response to the acute pharmacological or physiologic effects triggered by the treatment. We review evidence that supports the notion that various treatments with a rapid onset of action, such as ketamine, electroconvulsive therapy, and sleep deprivation, share the ability to acutely excite cortical networks, which increases synaptic potentiation, alters patterns of functional connectivity, and ameliorates depressive symptoms. We proceed to examine how the initial effects are short-lived and, as such, require both consolidation during wake and maintenance throughout sleep to remain sustained. Here, we incorporate elements from the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis and theorize that the fundamental mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and sleep, particularly the homeostatic emergence of slow-wave electroencephalogram activity and the ren...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 22, 2020·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Daniela DudysováJiří Horáček
Jun 1, 2021·Biological Psychiatry·Eero Castrén, Lisa M Monteggia
Aug 27, 2021·Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology·Irene Rozet
Oct 13, 2021·Journal of Neuroscience Research·Jiakai LianYuxi Luo
Jul 28, 2020·Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental·David G DanielMichael H Allen

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