Endometrial safety of hormone replacement therapy: review of literature

Maturitas
Toon Van Gorp, Patrick Neven

Abstract

Unopposed estrogens for treating menopausal symptoms were extensively used when epidemiological findings associated them with an increased endometrial cancer risk. Adding progestogens reverse this side effect efficiently but patient, dose, type and especially time during which the progestogen is administered are important. Long-term uterine safety of the long cycle HRT with administration of the progestogen every 3 months remains unclear. Because regular bleeding lowers compliance, continuous combined estrogen-progestogen treatment has become popular. Many different regimens are now available using oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravaginal or intra-uterine application of the estrogen and/or progestogen. Available but inadequate studies seem to point towards a slightly decreased endometrial cancer risk with continuous combined preparations compared with non-HRT-users and an increased risk with long-term oral but not vaginal treatment with low-potency estrogen formulations such as estriol. Newer compounds for menopausal health such as tibolone and raloxifene seem to be safe. As for any women with abnormal vaginal bleeding, those on HRT must have an intra-uterine evaluation. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) is very accurate in pr...Continue Reading

References

Dec 4, 1975·The New England Journal of Medicine·H K Ziel, W D Finkle
Dec 4, 1975·The New England Journal of Medicine·D C SmithW L Herrmann
Aug 1, 1992·Maturitas·J H MeuwissenI Navarro-Morquecho
Mar 1, 1991·Maturitas·B G Wren, L Brown
Sep 1, 1991·British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology·R J HawthornD M Hart
Dec 1, 1990·British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology·N C SiddleP Prescott
Jan 1, 1989·American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology·A Ferenczy, M Gelfand
May 1, 1987·American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology·V A Ravnikar
Dec 31, 1981·The New England Journal of Medicine·M I WhiteheadR J King
Sep 1, 1995·European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology·G P Vooijs, T B Geurts
Feb 1, 1995·Obstetrics and Gynecology·D GradyD Petitti
Jan 1, 1994·British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology·J RymerM G Chapman
Feb 1, 1994·British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology·P von DadelszenA Wright
Sep 1, 1995·Journal of Clinical Pharmacology·M B O'Connell
Nov 1, 1996·American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology·J A ChapmanM L Berman
Feb 1, 1997·Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica·S SuhonenP Lähteenmäki
Aug 6, 1997·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·D Grady, V L Ernster
Aug 6, 1997·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·M C PikeT M Mack
Oct 23, 1997·British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology·D W Sturdee
Jan 1, 1997·Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology·A R Gargiulo, M D Hornstein
Jan 8, 1998·Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine·B R Bhavnani
Jan 28, 1998·Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·I JärveläP Jouppila
Feb 17, 1998·Obstetrics and Gynecology·K L CushingS A Beresford
Feb 24, 1999·Lancet·G A GreendaleE R Arriola
Apr 24, 1999·Obstetrics and Gynecology·G C DaviesM Lakshmanan
Jul 7, 1999·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·E WeiderpassI Persson

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Dec 26, 2007·Pathology Oncology Research : POR·Zoltan MagyarZoltan Papp
May 4, 2007·Menopause : the Journal of the North American Menopause Society·Arthur F Haney, Robert A Wild
May 13, 2010·Menopause : the Journal of the North American Menopause Society·Yayun LiangSalman M Hyder
Feb 1, 2006·International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society·S C J P GielenF J Huikeshoven
Mar 6, 2003·Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Jan 5, 2008·Mayo Clinic Proceedings·Jamie N Bakkum-GamezSean C Dowdy
Jan 25, 2005·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology·Patrick DielJérôme Roussel
May 26, 2004·Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology·Toon Van GorpPhillipe Moerman
Oct 26, 2005·Gynécologie, obstétrique & fertilité·E Drapier-Faure
Jul 21, 2004·Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society·M C P ReesUNKNOWN Study Groups
Jul 28, 2007·Orvosi hetilap·Zoltán MagyarZoltán Papp
Apr 25, 2007·Acta Oncologica·E Isaksson FrimanE Von Schoultz
Dec 13, 2006·Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology·Henk R FrankeMarius J van der Mooren
Jan 5, 2005·Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation·Susanne C J P GielenCurt W Burger
Sep 23, 2020·Women & Health·Marcio Alexandre Hipolito Rodrigues, Anne Gompel
May 4, 2005·The Journal of Nutrition·Oscar H FrancoYvonne T Van Der Schouw
Oct 13, 2009·São Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina·Magdalena BryśWanda Krajewska

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Deborah Grady, V Ernster
California Medicine
S E Feldman
Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology
Carlo CampagnoliClementina Peris
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved