Endotoxin contamination in commercially available pokeweed mitogen contributes to the activation of murine macrophages and human dendritic cell maturation

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI
Jae Seung YangSeung Hyun Han

Abstract

Commercially available pokeweed mitogen (PWM) has been reported to activate macrophages, leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). However, we found that polymyxin B (PMB), a specific inhibitor of endotoxin activity, inhibited the PWM-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and NO and the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). A kinetic-turbidimetric Limulus amebocyte lysate assay demonstrated that commercial PWM contained substantial endotoxin, over 10(4) endotoxin units/mg of the PWM. A PWM repurified by PMB-coupled beads no longer induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TLR4 activation, or dendritic cell maturation. However, the repurified PWM remained able to induce proliferation of human lymphocytes, which is a representative characteristic of PWM. These results suggest that commercial PWM might be contaminated with a large amount of endotoxin, resulting in the attribution of misleading immunological properties to PWM.

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Citations

Jul 6, 2010·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·I-Chun Lin, Cheng-Deng Kuo
May 28, 2019·Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology·Ji-Hyun NamJeong-Ran Kim
Oct 6, 2020·Current Protocols in Immunology·Phuong Nguyen-ContantMark Y Sangster
Sep 1, 2021·International Journal of Biological Macromolecules·Lin RongTingting Gao

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