Abstract
Case reports suggest a link between energy drinks (EDs) and adverse events, including deaths. We examined cardiovascular and metabolic effects of EDs and mixtures providing relevant ingredients of EDs compared to a similarly composed control product (CP) without these components. This randomized, crossover trial comprised 38 adults (19 women, mean BMI 23 kg/m2, mean age 22 y). We examined effects of a single administration of a commercial ED, the CP, and the CP supplemented with major ED-ingredients at the same concentrations as in the ED. The study products were administered at 2 volumes, 750 or 1000 mL. Both volumes of the study products were acceptably tolerated with no dose-dependent effects on blood pressure (BP, primary outcome), heart rate, heart rate corrected duration of QT-segment in electrocardiography (QTc interval), and glucose metabolism. After ED consumption, 11% of the participants reported symptoms, in contrast to 0-3% caused by other study products. After 1 h, administration of an ED caused an increase in systolic BP (116.9 ± 10.4 to 120.7 ± 10.7 mmHg, mean ± SD, P < 0.01) and a QTc prolongation (393.3 ± 20.6 to 400.8 ± 24.1 ms, P < 0.01). Also caffeine, but not taurine or glucuronolactone, caused an increase ...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1977·Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology·J R DiPalma, D M Ritchie
Jan 1, 1991·European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology·K G Berge, P L Canner
Oct 1, 1994·Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology·T M Chou, N L Benowitz
Aug 13, 1998·The New England Journal of Medicine·F J Gennari
Jul 25, 2000·Hypertension·T R HartleyW R Lovallo
Apr 20, 2001·Amino Acids·M Baum, M Weiss
Nov 3, 2001·The American Journal of Psychiatry·A H Glassman, J T Bigger
Jan 30, 2002·Diabetes Care·Gerben B KeijzersPaul Smits
Sep 3, 2002·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·H G Mandel
Mar 1, 1956·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·R M DOWBEN
May 27, 2004·Diabetes Care·Tara M WallaceDavid R Matthews
Mar 9, 2006·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Marilyn C CornelisHannia Campos
May 16, 2006·Amino Acids·A BichlerM A Harris
Apr 10, 2007·Annals of Emergency Medicine·Manoj K MittalKevin C Osterhoudt
Nov 2, 2007·Nutrition Journal·Brenda M MalinauskasKimberly Barber-Heidal
Mar 28, 2008·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Ann-Gerd ThorsellB Martin Hallberg
Apr 11, 2008·Journal of American College Health : J of ACH·Kathleen E Miller
Sep 24, 2008·Drug and Alcohol Dependence·Chad J ReissigRoland R Griffiths
Oct 3, 2008·European Heart Journal·Carlos Escobar, Vivencio Barrios
Nov 19, 2008·Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease·Gerard T Berry
Jan 6, 2009·The Medical Journal of Australia·Adam J Berger, Kevin Alford
Mar 21, 2009·The Annals of Pharmacotherapy·Leah SteinkeJames S Kalus
Apr 28, 2009·Cell Calcium·Tamas Balla
May 20, 2009·Journal of Hypertension·Paolo PalatiniMassimo Santonastaso
Jun 6, 2009·International Journal of Clinical Practice·V TsimihodimosM Elisaf
Aug 5, 2009·Amino Acids·Frances R RagsdaleTed Wilson
Jan 26, 2010·Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica·T Rudolph, K Knudsen
Jan 20, 2012·The Medical Journal of Australia·Naren Gunja, Jared A Brown
Nov 2, 2013·The American Journal of Cardiology·Michael GoldfarbGeorge Thanassoulis
Feb 1, 1994·Amino Acids·K R GeißK L Waag
Dec 5, 2013·Mediators of Inflammation·Boel De Paepe, Jan L De Bleecker
Jan 30, 2014·European Journal of Nutrition·Erik K GrasserJean-Pierre Montani
Oct 9, 2014·Nutrition Reviews·Jane Shearer, Terry E Graham
Nov 27, 2014·The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging·Jonas M DoernerDaniel K Thomas
Nov 9, 2015·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Anna SvatikovaJan Bukartyk
Sep 17, 2016·Advances in Nutrition·Erik Konrad GrasserJean-Pierre Montani
Jan 13, 2017·Journal of Caffeine Research·Ernesto Cabezas-BouManuel Díaz-Ríos
May 1, 2010·Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety·M A HeckmanE Gonzalez De Mejia
Citations
May 28, 2019·Medicina·Luana A GonzagaVitor E Valenti
Dec 21, 2019·Journal of the American College of Nutrition·Cicero Jonas R BenjamimVitor E Valenti
Jun 14, 2020·Nutrients·Benedikt TremlMirjam Bachler
Dec 20, 2020·Nutrients·Jane ShearerMatthias S Klein
Jan 16, 2021·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Yu-Syuan LuoIvan Rusyn
Feb 26, 2021·Journal of Electrocardiology·Isabel LasherasJavier Santabárbara
Mar 7, 2021·Nutrients·Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín, David Varillas-Delgado
May 6, 2020·Internal Medicine Journal·Andrea PiccioniFrancesco Franceschi
Jul 3, 2021·Pharmaceuticals·Romina VargiuValentina Bassareo
May 18, 2021·Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquée, Nutrition Et Métabolisme·Sébastien La VieilleAndrew D Krahn
Dec 23, 2021·Scientific Reports·Felipe Sampaio-JorgeBeatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro