Enhancing anticancer effects, decreasing risks and solving practical problems facing 3-bromopyruvate in clinical oncology: 10 years of research experience

International Journal of Nanomedicine
Salah Mohamed El Sayed

Abstract

3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) is a promising powerful general anticancer agent. Unfortunately, 3BP release faces many practical and biochemical problems in clinical human oncology, for example, 3BP induces burning venous sensation (during intravenous infusion) and rapid inactivation by thiol groups of glutathione and proteins. 3BP exhibits resistance in glutathione-rich tumors without being able to exert selective targeting. 3BP does not cross the blood-brain barrier and cannot treat nervous system tumors. Importantly, 3BP cannot persist in tumor tissues due to the phenomenon of enhanced permeability and retention effect. Here, the author presents the practical solutions for clinical problems facing 3BP use in clinical oncology, based on over 10 years of experience in 3BP research. Crude (unformulated 3BP that is purchased from chemical companies without being formulated in liposomes or other nanocarriers) should not be administered in clinical oncology. Instead, 3BP is better formulated with liposomes, polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEGylated liposomes (stealth liposomes) or perillyl alcohol that are used currently with many chemotherapeutics for treating clinical tumors in cancer patients. Formulating 3BP with targeted liposomes, for exa...Continue Reading

Citations

Oct 27, 2018·Free Radical Research·Lukasz PulaskiIzabela Sadowska-Bartosz
Aug 29, 2020·Advanced Materials·Yuqiong XiaXiaoyuan Chen
Dec 6, 2019·Frontiers in Oncology·Karolien VanhovePeter Adriaensens
Sep 27, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Shalini ManiKeshav K Singh
Sep 24, 2021·Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center·Karolina KozalAnna Krześlak

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