Envenomations by Bothrops and Crotalus snakes induce the release of mitochondrial alarmins.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Irene ZornettaCesare Montecucco

Abstract

Skeletal muscle necrosis is a common manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomations. Venoms from snakes of the genus Bothrops, such as that of B. asper, induce muscle tissue damage at the site of venom injection, provoking severe local pathology which often results in permanent sequelae. In contrast, the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, induces a clinical picture of systemic myotoxicity, i.e., rhabdomyolysis, together with neurotoxicity. It is known that molecules released from damaged muscle might act as 'danger' signals. These are known as 'alarmins', and contribute to the inflammatory reaction by activating the innate immune system. Here we show that the venoms of B. asper and C. d. terrificus release the mitochondrial markers mtDNA (from the matrix) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the intermembrane space, from ex vivo mouse tibialis anterior muscles. Cyt c was released to a similar extent by the two venoms whereas B. asper venom induced the release of higher amounts of mtDNA, thus reflecting hitherto some differences in their pathological action on muscle mitochondria. At variance, injection of these venoms in mice resulted in a different time-course of mtDNA release, with B. asper venom...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 11, 2014·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Jernej ŠribarIgor Križaj
Jan 22, 2015·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Elisa DuregottiMichela Rigoni
Jan 16, 2017·Kidney International·Emmanuel A Burdmann, Vivekanand Jha
Jul 19, 2018·Current Drug Discovery Technologies·Subhamay Panda, Leena Kumari
Sep 22, 2020·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Juliana P ZulianiJosé María Gutiérrez

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR
Protein Assay

Software Mentioned

BLAST
Quantity One

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