Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of antiretrovirals: A current global status and future perspectives

Water Research
Somandla NcubeMathew M Nindi

Abstract

The therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral drugs as well as challenges and side effects against the human immunodeficiency virus is well documented and reviewed. Evidence is available in literature indication that antiretrovirals are only partially transformed and become completely excreted from the human body in their original form and/or as metabolites in urine and feces. The possibility of massive release of antiretrovirals through human excreta that enters surface water through surface runoff and wastewater treatment plant effluents is now of environmental concern because the public might be experiencing chronic exposure to antiretrovirals. The primary concern of this review is limited data concerning environmental fate and ecotoxicity of antiretrovirals and their metabolites. The review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the evaluation of antiretrovirals in environmental samples. The objective is therefore to assess the extent of analysis of antiretrovirals in environmental samples and also look at strategies including instrumentation and predictive models that have been reported in literature on the fate and ecotoxicological effects due to presence of antiretrovirals in different environmental compartments. The ...Continue Reading

Citations

Dec 7, 2018·International Journal of Environmental Health Research·U M C NibamurekeG M Wagenaar
Nov 5, 2019·The Science of the Total Environment·Christina NannouDimitra Lambropoulou
Feb 20, 2021·Water Research X·Jan FunkeThomas A Ternes
May 26, 2021·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Adedapo O Adeola, Patricia B C Forbes
Aug 28, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Elizabeth Oyinkansola OmotolaOlatunde Stephen Olatunji

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