Environmental tin exposure in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014

Environmental Pollution
Hans-Joachim LehmlerWei Bao

Abstract

Tin is a naturally occurring heavy metal that occurs in the environment in both inorganic and organic forms. Human exposure to tin is almost ubiquitous; however, surprisingly little is known about factors affecting environmental tin exposure in humans. This study analyzed demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with total urinary tin levels in adults (N = 3522) and children (N = 1641) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014, a nationally representative health survey in the United States. Urinary tin levels, a commonly used biomarker of environmental tin exposure, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Detection frequencies of tin were 87.05% in adults and 91.29% in children. Median and geometric mean levels of urinary tin in the adult population were 0.42 μg/L and 0.49 μg/L, respectively. For children, median and geometric mean levels of urinary tin were 0.60 μg/L and 0.66 μg/L, respectively. Age was identified as an important factor associated with urinary tin levels. Median tin levels in the ≥60 year age group were almost 2-fold higher than the 20-39 year age group. Tin levels in children were 2-fold higher than in adolesce...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 14, 2018·The European Respiratory Journal·Matthew J MageeAmit Singhal
May 7, 2019·Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering·Manuel GadogbeHans-Joachim Lehmler
Feb 19, 2020·Endocrinology·Riann Jenay Egusquiza, Bruce Blumberg
Mar 7, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Stephani Michelsen-CorreaAndrea B Kirk
Nov 2, 2020·Environmental Research·Caitlin G HoweCarrie V Breton

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