Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors.

Epidemiology and Infection
A E DuBoisR E Quick

Abstract

Between 28 November 2003 and 23 February 2004, 4343 cases and 154 deaths from cholera (case-fatality rate 3.5%) were reported in Lusaka, Zambia. A case-control study was conducted in February 2004 to assess potential transmission routes and prevention strategies. Consumption of raw vegetables was significantly associated with cholera [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-13, P=0.003). Consumption of a local sardine-like fish was protective (aOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7, P=0.008). Hand soap was present in 90% of control homes and 58% of case homes. Observed hand soap was a strongly protective factor (aOR 0.1, 95% CI 0.04-0.4, P=0.001). No water source or treatment practice was significantly associated with cholera. This study documents the importance of foodborne transmission of cholera, illustrates the protective role of hand washing in an epidemic setting, and identifies a novel possible protective factor, a local fish, which warrants further research.

References

Jun 1, 1994·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·O J MujicaR V Tauxe
Feb 25, 2005·The New England Journal of Medicine·Marcelino E S LucasJohn D Clemens

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Nov 7, 2012·BMC Infectious Diseases·Alexander RosewellC Raina MacIntyre
Mar 31, 2012·Bulletin of the World Health Organization·Mohammad AliJohn Clemens
Nov 22, 2011·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Stacie E DunkleRobert Quick
Dec 30, 2011·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Valery E M Beau De RocharsThomas Handzel
Jul 4, 2018·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Marlene WolfeDaniele Lantagne
Jun 8, 2019·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·Wit WichaiditPavani K Ram
Oct 23, 2013·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Kashmira DateRobert Quick
Jul 26, 2019·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·Matthew D PhelpsPeter K M Jensen
May 28, 2020·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Francis H NanzalukaJoan Brunkard
Sep 15, 2018·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Nathan KapataVictor M Mukonka
Aug 24, 2018·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Aaron RichtermanLouise C Ivers
Dec 23, 2020·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Karolina GriffithsStanislas Rebaudet

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.