Epidemiology, Staging and Management of Prostate Cancer

Medical Sciences : Open Access Journal
Adam BarsoukAlexander Barsouk

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the second most common and fifth most aggressive neoplasm among men worldwide. It is particularly incident in high human development index (HDI) nations, with an estimated one in seven men in the US receiving a prostate cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. A rapid rise and then fall in prostate cancer incidence in the US and Europe corresponded to the implementation of widespread prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in 1986 and then subsequent fall from favor due to high rates of false positives, overdiagnosis, and overtreatment (as many as 20-50% of men diagnosed could have remained asymptomatic in their lifetimes). Though few risk factors have been characterized, the best known include race (men of African descent are at higher risk), genetics (e.g., BRCA1/2 mutations), and obesity. The Gleason scoring system is used for histopathological staging and is combined with clinical staging for prognosis and treatment. National guidelines have grown more conservative over the past decades in management, recommending watchful waiting and observation in older men with low to intermediate risk disease. Among higher risk patients, prostatectomy (robotic is preferred) and/or external beam radiotherapy is the most com...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 18, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Fabrizio FontanaPatrizia Limonta
Mar 30, 2021·Cancer Biomarkers : Section a of Disease Markers·Yunkun YanZengnan Mo
Jun 6, 2021·Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine·Xinrui ZhangAndreas Melzer

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
biopsy
biopsies

Software Mentioned

Decipher
ProMark
PROMIS
Prolaris

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