PMID: 14400548Nov 13, 1959Paper

Escape and avoidance conditioning in human subjects without their observation of the response

Science
R F HEFFERLINER A HARFORD

Abstract

An invisibly small thumb-twitch increased in rate of occurrence when it served, via electromyographic amplification, to terminate or postpone aversive noise stimulation. Subjects remained ignorant of their behavior and its effect. Their cumulative response curves resembled those obtained in similar work with animals. Other subjects, informed of the effective response, could not produce it deliberately in a size small enough to qualify for reinforcement.

References

Jun 1, 1958·Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences·R F HEFFERLINE

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