Escape from X inactivation varies in mouse tissues

PLoS Genetics
Joel B BerletchXinxian Deng

Abstract

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences most genes on one X chromosome in female mammals, but some genes escape XCI. To identify escape genes in vivo and to explore molecular mechanisms that regulate this process we analyzed the allele-specific expression and chromatin structure of X-linked genes in mouse tissues and cells with skewed XCI and distinguishable alleles based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. Using a binomial model to assess allelic expression, we demonstrate a continuum between complete silencing and expression from the inactive X (Xi). The validity of the RNA-seq approach was verified using RT-PCR with species-specific primers or Sanger sequencing. Both common escape genes and genes with significant differences in XCI status between tissues were identified. Such genes may be candidates for tissue-specific sex differences. Overall, few genes (3-7%) escape XCI in any of the mouse tissues examined, suggesting stringent silencing and escape controls. In contrast, an in vitro system represented by the embryonic-kidney-derived Patski cell line showed a higher density of escape genes (21%), representing both kidney-specific escape genes and cell-line specific escape genes. Allele-specific RNA polymerase II occupancy ...Continue Reading

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
GSM970866
GSE44255
GSE59779
GSM1014171

Methods Mentioned

BETA
RNA-seq
electrophoresis
ChIP-seq
Hi-C
PCR

Software Mentioned

ImageJ
bowtie
UCSC browser
Hi
Tophat
BWA
UCSC genome browser
MACS
CisGenome

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