Estimating Causal Associations of Fine Particles With Daily Deaths in Boston

American Journal of Epidemiology
Joel SchwartzPetros Koutrakis

Abstract

Many studies have reported associations between daily particles less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and deaths, but they have been associational studies that did not use formal causal modeling approaches. On the basis of a potential outcome approach, we used 2 causal modeling methods with different assumptions and strengths to address whether there was a causal association between daily PM2.5 and deaths in Boston, Massachusetts (2004-2009). We used an instrumental variable approach, including back trajectories as instruments for variations in PM2.5 uncorrelated with other predictors of death. We also used propensity score as an alternative causal modeling analysis. The former protects against confounding by measured and unmeasured confounders and is based on the assumption of a valid instrument. The latter protects against confounding by all measured covariates, provides valid estimates in the case of effect modification, and is based on the assumption of no unmeasured confounders. We found a causal association of PM2.5 with mortality, with a 0.53% (95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.97) and a 0.50% (95% confidence interval: 0.20, 0.80) increase in daily deaths using the instrumental variable and the propensity score...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 19, 2016·American Journal of Epidemiology·George Maldonado
Feb 19, 2016·American Journal of Epidemiology·Joel SchwartzMarie-Abèle Bind
Feb 19, 2016·American Journal of Epidemiology·L Anthony Cox, Julie E Goodman
Oct 12, 2017·American Journal of Epidemiology·Francesca Dominici, Corwin Zigler
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May 3, 2020·Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source·Laura ForastiereMichela Baccini
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Mar 5, 2020·Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source·Maoyong Fan, Yi Wang
Jul 25, 2019·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Erika GarciaFrank Gilliland
Feb 25, 2021·Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source·Yaguang WeiJoel Schwartz
Dec 2, 2017·Environmental Research·Anne E CorriganAna G Rappold

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