Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review

Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Vijayalaxmi V MogasaleThomas F Wierzba

Abstract

Unsafe water is a well-known risk for typhoid fever, but a pooled estimate of the population-level risk of typhoid fever resulting from exposure to unsafe water has not been quantified. An accurate estimation of the risk from unsafe water will be useful in demarcating high-risk populations, modeling typhoid disease burden, and targeting prevention and control activities. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies that measured the risk of typhoid fever associated with drinking unimproved water as per WHO-UNICEF's definition or drinking microbiologically unsafe water. The mean value for the pooled odds ratio from case-control studies was calculated using a random effects model. In addition to unimproved water and unsafe water, we also listed categories of other risk factors from the selected studies. The search of published studies from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2013 in PubMed, Embase, and World Health Organization databases provided 779 publications, of which 12 case-control studies presented the odds of having typhoid fever for those exposed to unimproved or unsafe versus improved drinking water sources. The odds of typhoid fever among those exposed to unimproved or unsafe wat...Continue Reading

References

Jul 1, 1992·European Journal of Epidemiology·T StroffoliniG Giusti
Dec 10, 1997·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·J P VelemaS Jota
May 21, 1998·Epidemiology and Infection·S P LubyJ B McCormick
Mar 31, 2001·Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·C LuxemburgerJ J Farrar
Jun 26, 2001·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·M H GasemR R Djokomoeljanto
Jun 3, 2004·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Albert M VollaardJaap T van Dissel
Aug 16, 2005·Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·H H TranP J Guerin
Nov 18, 2005·Epidemiology and Infection·S HosogluMark Loeb
Aug 9, 2006·Epidemiology and Infection·P K RamS P Luby
Jun 29, 2007·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·Padmini SrikantiahFrank J Mahoney
Oct 16, 2007·BMC Public Health·Dipika SurSujit K Bhattacharya
Apr 28, 2009·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·Puran K SharmaM D Gupte
Jul 22, 2009·PLoS Medicine·David MoherUNKNOWN PRISMA Group
Jan 1, 2008·Journal of Infection and Public Health·Fahad Javaid SiddiquiZulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Oct 26, 2013·Expert Review of Vaccines·Shousun Chen Szu
Jul 22, 2015·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Kristen HeitzingerStephen E Hawes
Dec 7, 2016·BMC Infectious Diseases·Jung-Seok LeeKangsung Lee

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Mar 8, 2019·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Andrew J PollardKathleen M Neuzil
Dec 11, 2020·Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease·Cristina Masuet-Aumatell, Jorge Atouguia
Oct 17, 2020·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Moamen M ElmassryMohamed A Farag
May 12, 2021·JMIR Public Health and Surveillance·Anum VighioYousef S Khader

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

Metafor Statistical Packages for R

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene
K Botzenhart
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
John A CrumpEric D Mintz
JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association
Zulfiqar A Bhutta, John Threlfall
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved