Evaluation of coma: a critical appraisal of popular scoring systems.

Neurocritical Care
Joshua Kornbluth, Anish Bhardwaj

Abstract

Numerous scoring scales have been proposed and validated to evaluate coma for rapid pre-hospital assessment and triage, disease severity, and prognosis for morbidity and mortality. These scoring systems have been predicated on core features that serve as a basis for this review and include ease of use, inter-rater reliability, reproducibility, and predictive value. Here we review the benefits and limitations of the most popular coma scoring systems. The methods include search of Medline, databases, and manual review of article bibliographies. Few of the many available coma scales have gained widespread approval and popularity. The best known and widely accepted scale is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85) has utility and proven benefit, but little acceptance outside of Scandinavia. The newer Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score provides an attractive replacement for all patients with fluctuating levels of consciousness and is gradually gaining wide acceptance.

References

Jul 1, 1978·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry·G TeasdaleJ van der Sande
Jan 1, 1976·Acta neurochirurgica·G Teasdale, B Jennett
Jan 1, 1992·Neurological Research·B CostaJ Antunes
Oct 19, 1991·Lancet·A BenzerE Schmutzhard
Dec 14, 1991·Lancet
May 1, 1989·The Journal of Trauma·H R ChampionM E Flanagan
Nov 1, 1988·Human Toxicology·J E Starmark, A Heath
Jan 1, 1988·Acta neurochirurgica·J E StarmarkE Holmgren
Oct 1, 1985·Critical Care Medicine·W A KnausJ E Zimmerman
Jul 13, 1974·Lancet·G Teasdale, B Jennett
Jan 1, 1968·The Journal of Trauma·W F Bouzarth
Dec 1, 1984·Critical Care Medicine·J P MorrayR J Lemire
Mar 1, 1982·Annals of Emergency Medicine·S P Gormican
Mar 1, 1981·Neurosurgery·M SalcmanT B Ducker
May 21, 1994·Lancet·C Moulton, A G Pennycook
Feb 1, 1994·Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine·S L BrattonJ P Morray
Dec 22, 1993·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·J R Le GallF Saulnier
Dec 1, 1993·Archives of Neurology·C G BeneschR W Hamill
Nov 1, 1993·Brain Injury : [BI]·A J JohnstoneJ L Tocher
Sep 1, 1993·The Journal of Emergency Medicine·B ChanR McNeil
Jan 1, 1993·The Journal of Trauma·J J MenegazziP M Paris
Jan 1, 1993·Acta neurochirurgica·G B Bhatty, N Kapoor
Oct 1, 1995·The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses·V J Juarez, M Lyons
Jan 22, 1998·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry·E F WijdicksP C O'Brien
Feb 24, 1998·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·H RosénC Blomstrand
Mar 13, 1998·Archives of Disease in Childhood·A TatmanW Whitehouse
Jul 29, 1998·The Journal of Trauma·S E RossK F O'Malley
Apr 28, 2000·Intensive Care Medicine·L S TeohD C Galletly
Apr 23, 2003·The Journal of Trauma·C HealeyJ Wayne Meredith
May 31, 2003·Brain Injury : [BI]·Jeffrey J BazarianSteven D Salhanick

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Jun 4, 2011·Internal and Emergency Medicine·Luis A Idrovo Freire
Aug 28, 2013·Neurocritical Care·C M KowollUNKNOWN Initiative of German NeuroIntensive Trial Engagement (IGNITE)
Jan 11, 2014·Neurocritical Care·Molly McNettCristina Moran
Nov 12, 2014·Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice·Jkc EmejuluO C Ekweogwu
Sep 15, 2012·Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America·Joseph D BurnsChristina DeFusco
Jan 21, 2015·Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology·Rachel BriggsSuncica Lah
May 26, 2016·The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses·Annika Hickisch, Marie Holmefur
May 26, 2016·The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses·Molly M McNettSue Ann Philippbar
Sep 16, 2016·Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·Kishor KhanalModa Nath Marhatta
Jun 25, 2016·Human & Experimental Toxicology·Ghada N El-Sarnagawy, Amal Saf Hafez
Jul 7, 2017·Annals of Neurology·Aaron F StruckNicolas Gaspard
Feb 7, 2018·Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies·Matthew P KirschenAlexis Topjian
Jul 11, 2018·Journal of Clinical Nursing·Peter VinkIngrid Poulsen
Aug 17, 2011·Neurocritical Care·Farid SadakaRekha Lakshmanan
Apr 5, 2019·Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies·Matthew P KirschenAlexis Topjian
Jul 25, 2014·The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery·Shannon N AckerDenis D Bensard
Mar 23, 2017·Neurosurgery·Florence Cm ReithAndrew Ir Maas
Mar 16, 2016·Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine·Joseph ZachariahRoger White
May 23, 2020·Minerva anestesiologica·Nicolas Gaspard
Dec 15, 2020·Journal of the Neurological Sciences·Essi RaatikainenHeikki Kiiski
Mar 18, 2021·Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies·Matthew P KirschenAlexis Topjian
Oct 26, 2021·The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery·Marina L ReppucciDenis Bensard

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.