Evaluation of pulmonary toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixtures using in vitro and in vivo systems

Environmental Toxicology
Do Young KwonHyun-Mi Kim

Abstract

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a widely used disinfectant/preservative, and respiratory exposure to this compound has been reported to be highly toxic. Spray-form household products have been known to contain BAC together with triethylene glycol (TEG) in their solutions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the toxicity of BAC and TEG mixtures to pulmonary organs using in vitro and in vivo experiments. Human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells incubated with BAC (1-10 μg/mL) for 24 hours showed significant cytotoxicity, while TEG (up to 1000 μg/mL) did not affect cell viability. However, TEG in combination with BAC aggravated cell damage and inhibited colony formation as compared to BAC alone. TEG also exacerbated BAC-promoted production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of glutathione (GSH) level in A549 cells. However, pretreatment of the cells with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alleviated the cytotoxicity, indicating oxidative stress could be a mechanism of the toxicity. Quantification of intracellular BAC by LC/MS/MS showed that cellular distribution/absorption of BAC was enhanced in A549 cells when it was exposed together with TEG. Intratracheal instillation of BAC (400 μg/kg) in rats was toxic to the pulmonary tis...Continue Reading

References

Feb 1, 1997·Contact Dermatitis·N E Krogsrud, A I Larsen
Aug 19, 1999·The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology·M J AsmusL Hendeles
Aug 2, 2002·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Mang YuKent E Pinkerton
Jan 27, 2004·The Journal of Pathology·Madhav Bhatia, Shabbir Moochhala
Jun 1, 1951·Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association·B V ALFREDSONM L GRAY
Oct 2, 2004·Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences·Yuying XueYoshio Tsujino
Feb 11, 2005·Contact Dermatitis·Naoki OisoMasamitsu Ishii
Aug 12, 2005·Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Für Toxikologische Pathologie·Rogene F Henderson
Sep 16, 2005·Journal of Applied Microbiology·P Gilbert, L E Moore
Jan 3, 2006·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Matthew R JonesJoseph P Mizgerd
Sep 5, 2006·Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA·T DeutschleH Riechelmann
Oct 13, 2006·Respiratory Research·Srirupa MukhopadhyayTapan K Mukherjee
Oct 25, 2006·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy·Christopher J IoannouStephen P Denyer
Feb 15, 2007·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Bryan Ballantyne, William M Snellings
Feb 16, 2007·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Christie M SayesDavid B Warheit
Apr 5, 2007·Nature Protocols·Nicolaas A P FrankenChris van Bree
Aug 1, 1945·American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health·E BiggF C Olson
Jun 21, 2008·International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer·Fuzhi Lian, Xiang-Dong Wang
Aug 22, 2008·International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health·Radosław SwierczWanda Majcherek
Sep 2, 2008·Molecular Aspects of Medicine·Saibal K Biswas, Irfan Rahman
Sep 9, 2008·The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology·Jonathan CiencewickiSteven R Kleeberger
Sep 24, 2011·International Journal of Rheumatology·Theresa C BarnesRobert J Moots
Dec 23, 2011·Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology·Søren T LarsenGunnar D Nielsen
Nov 9, 2012·International Journal of Biological Sciences·Mercedes Rincon, Charles G Irvin
Nov 23, 2012·Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·Xiaoping YangThomas W Flaig
May 31, 2013·The Journal of Toxicological Sciences·Jung-Taek KwonKyuhong Lee
Sep 24, 2013·Mediators of Inflammation·Kunihiko Hiraiwa, Stephan F van Eeden
Oct 2, 2013·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP·Stephen Wessels, Hanne Ingmer
Nov 30, 2013·International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health·Radosław SwierczWanda Majcherek
Mar 12, 2016·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Xiangyang WuLiuqing Yang
Jun 18, 2016·Chemico-biological Interactions·V RizzatiL Gamet-Payrastre
Apr 27, 2017·Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science·Sandipan DattaGino A Cortopassi

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
bronchoalveolar lavage
light microscopy
Protein Assay
lavages
lavage

Software Mentioned

GraphPad Prism
GraphPad

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.