Evaluation of virus reduction at a large-scale wastewater reclamation plant by detection of indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes
Abstract
Evaluating the reduction of virus load in water reclamation plants is important to ensuring the hygienic safety of the reclaimed water. A virus-spiking test is usually used to estimate virus reduction but is not practicable at large-scale plants. Thus, we evaluated virus reduction by ultrafiltration (UF) plus ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at a large-scale reclamation plant (1000 m3/d) by quantifying indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs). To detect the infectious FRNAPH, we used both plaque assay and integrated culture-reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with the most probable number assay, which can detect infectious FRNAPH genotypes. For comparison, we determined reductions of indigenous FRNAPHs and spiked MS2 at a small-scale pilot plant (10 m3/d) at the same time. Reductions by UF were not significantly different among the bacteriophages at pilot plants. This result suggests that indigenous bacteriophages could be used for evaluating virus reduction by UF at large-scale plants. Indigenous Genotype I (GI) FRNAPH showed the highest UV resistance, followed by GII, GIII, and GIV. The resistance of GI-FRNAPH was equivalent to that of spiked MS2. The reduction of the total infectious FRNAPHs determ...Continue Reading
References
Quantum yield of the iodide-iodate chemical actinometer: dependence on wavelength and concentrations
Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review
Distinct behaviors of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups at a wastewater treatment plant
Evaluation of Virus Reduction by Ultrafiltration with Coagulation-Sedimentation in Water Reclamation
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