Evaluations of the stability of sheathless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry emitters using electrochemical techniques

Analytical Chemistry
S NilssonLeif Nyholm

Abstract

The processes that cause the failure of sheathless electrospray ionization (ESI) emitters, based on different kinds of gold coatings on fused-silica capillaries, are described and explained. The methods chosen for this study include electrochemical methods, ICPMS analysis of the electrolytes used, SEM studies, and electrospray experiments. Generally, the failure occurs by loss of the conductive coating. It is shown that emitters with sputter-coated gold lose their coatings because of mechanical stress caused by the gas evolution accompanying water oxidation or reduction. Emitters with gold coatings on top of adhesion layers of chromium and nickel alloy withstand this mechanical stress and have excellent durability when operating as cathodes. When operating as anodes, the adhesion layer is electrochemically dissolved through the gold film, and the gold film then flakes off. It is shown that the conductive coating behaves as a cathode even in the positive electrospray mode when the magnitude of a superimposed reductive electrophoretic current exceeds that of the oxidative electrospray current. Fairy-dust coatings developed in our laboratory (see Barnidge, D. R.; etal.Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 4115-4118,) bygluing gold dust onto the e...Continue Reading

References

Oct 15, 1995·Analytical Chemistry·G A ValaskovicF W McLafferty
Dec 1, 1999·Analytical Chemistry·G J Van BerkelL J Gray
Oct 1, 1999·Analytical Chemistry·D R BarnidgeK E Markides
Dec 1, 1996·Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·G A Valaskovic, F W McLafferty

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Citations

Apr 1, 2008·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Michael SchillingJoachim Franzke
May 4, 2010·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Ann Kathrin StarkJoachim Franzke
May 16, 2008·Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·Jeonghoon LeeKermit K Murray
Feb 7, 2009·Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·Ioan MargineanRichard D Smith
Jun 20, 2012·Proteomics·Pascal Braun, Anne-Claude Gingras
Jun 11, 2009·Mass Spectrometry Reviews·Tiina SikanenRaimo A Ketola
Jan 29, 2002·Journal of Mass Spectrometry : JMS
Jul 8, 2003·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM·Wenqing ShuiPengyuan Yang
Jul 8, 2003·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM·Stefan NilssonLeif Nyholm
Jan 9, 2007·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM·Anusak SirikatithamTsutomu Masujima
Jul 2, 2004·Analytical Chemistry·Jian LiuDaniel R Knapp
Oct 24, 2003·Analytical Chemistry·Malin SvedbergKarin Markides

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