Evidence from Hox genes that bryozoans are lophotrochozoans

Evolution & Development
Yale Passamaneck, Kenneth M Halanych

Abstract

Bryozoans, or moss animals, are small colonial organisms that possess a suspension-feeding apparatus called a lophophore. Traditionally, this "phylum" has been grouped with brachiopods and phoronids because of the feeding structure. Available molecular and morphological data refute this notion of a monophyletic "Lophophorata." Alternative hypotheses place bryozoans either at the base of the Lophotrochozoa or basal to the Lophotrochozoa/Ecdysozoa split. Surprisingly, the only molecular data bearing on this issue are from the 18S nuclear ribosomal gene. Here we report the results of a Hox gene survey using degenerate polymerase chain reaction primers in a gymnolaemate bryozoan, Bugula turrita. Putative orthologs to both the Post2 and the Lox5 genes were found, suggesting that bryozoans are not a basal protostome group but closely allied to other lophotrochozoan taxa. We also found the first definitive evidence of two Deformed/Hox4 class genes in a nonvertebrate animal.

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Citations

Mar 10, 2006·Development Genes and Evolution·Sung-Jin ChoKil-Sang Shin
Mar 26, 2009·Development Genes and Evolution·Christoph BleidornRalph Tiedemann
Mar 22, 2005·Gene·Adriana CanapaMarco Barucca
May 23, 2008·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Martin HelmkampfBernhard Hausdorf
Jan 5, 2010·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Bernhard HausdorfIris Bruchhaus
Oct 17, 2007·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Martin HelmkampfBernhard Hausdorf
Dec 25, 2008·Journal of Morphology·Alexander GruhlThomas Bartolomaeus
Apr 20, 2006·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Andrea WaeschenbachD Timothy J Littlewood
Mar 25, 2006·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Yale Passamaneck, Kenneth M Halanych
Nov 14, 2014·Genesis : the Journal of Genetics and Development·Maria Assunta BiscottiMarco Barucca
Sep 15, 2005·PLoS Computational Biology·Lauren Ancel MeyersMichael Lachmann
Apr 15, 2006·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Paulyn CartwrightLeo W Buss
Jun 2, 2007·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Maria Assunta BiscottiMarco Barucca
Dec 19, 2007·Journal of Morphology·Alexander Gruhl, Thomas Bartolomaeus
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Apr 6, 2017·Nature Communications·Andreas C Fröbius, Peter Funch
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Jun 30, 2019·Journal of Morphology·Natalia Shunatova, Yuta Tamberg
Feb 18, 2020·EvoDevo·Ludwik Gąsiorowski, Andreas Hejnol
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Dec 29, 2020·Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists·Gabriele GuerriniBaruch Rinkevich

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