Excitable Astrocytes: Ca(2+)- and cAMP-Regulated Exocytosis

Neurochemical Research
Nina Vardjan, Robert Zorec

Abstract

During neural activity, neurotransmitters released at synapses reach neighbouring cells, such as astrocytes. These get excited via numerous mechanisms, including the G protein coupled receptors that regulate the cytosolic concentration of second messengers, such as Ca(2+) and cAMP. The stimulation of these pathways leads to feedback modulation of neuronal activity and the activity of other cells by the release of diverse substances, gliosignals that include classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate, ATP, or neuropeptides. Gliosignal molecules are released from astrocytes through several distinct molecular mechanisms, for example, by diffusion through membrane channels, by translocation via plasmalemmal transporters, or by vesicular exocytosis. Vesicular release regulated by a stimulus-mediated increase in cytosolic second messengers involves a SNARE-dependent merger of the vesicle membrane with the plasmalemma. The coupling between the stimulus and vesicular secretion of gliosignals in astrocytes is not as tight as in neurones. This is considered an adaptation to regulate homeostatic processes in a slow time domain as is the case in the endocrine system (slower than the nervous system), hence glial functions constitute the ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 5, 2015·Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience·Robert ZorecAlexei Verkhratsky
May 14, 2016·Behavioural Brain Research·Robert ZorecAlexej Verkhratsky
Sep 16, 2016·Neurochemical Research·Robert ZorecAlexei Verkhratsky
Feb 18, 2017·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Nina VardjanRobert Zorec
Jan 26, 2017·Brain Research Bulletin·Kirsten BohmbachChristian Henneberger
Apr 10, 2018·The FEBS Journal·Robert ZorecAlexei Verkhratsky
Nov 25, 2017·Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience·Darren ClarkeKristyn A Bates
Mar 5, 2016·Journal of Neurochemistry·Peter ThornDamien J Keating
Jan 20, 2018·Physiological Reviews·Alexei Verkhratsky, Maiken Nedergaard
Aug 14, 2018·Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience·Giampiero LeanzaRobert Zorec
Feb 23, 2019·Neurochemical Research·Matjaž StenovecRobert Zorec
Aug 15, 2017·Brain Pathology·Alexei VerkhratskyVladimir Parpura
Nov 29, 2020·Glia·Sofia Pereira das NevesFernanda Marques
Feb 24, 2021·Cell Calcium·Anemari HorvatNina Vardjan
Mar 16, 2021·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience·Jérôme Wahis, Matthew G Holt

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