Exhaustive valorization of cashew nut shell waste as a potential bioresource material.

Scientific Reports
James NyirendaInyambo Mukela

Abstract

In this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. The CNSL had a pH of 3.2, viscosity (104.6 ± 1.8 mPa s), moisture (6.5%), ash (1.6 ± 0.1%), refractive index (1.52 ± 0.001), specific density (0.9561 ± 0.0002 g/cm3), acid value (118.7 ± 9.2 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (60.1 ± 4.7%), saponification number (138.1 ± 3.2 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (188.1 ± 2.3 mgI 2/100 g). The average percentage removal of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) was 99.4 ± 0.5, 95.4 ± 1.5, 99.5 ± 0.1, 98.4 ± 0.1%, and removal efficiency of MB at 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg/L was 99.63, 97.66, 96.48 and 94.81%, respectively. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics conf...Continue Reading

References

Mar 6, 1990·The American Journal of Cardiology·R A Kelly
Jul 26, 2002·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·P Phani KumarA Srinivasa Rao
Dec 12, 2002·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·R ParamashivappaA Srinivasa Rao
May 26, 2005·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Tae Joung Ha, Isao Kubo
Apr 25, 2007·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Ozlem Güçlü-Ustündağ, Giuseppe Mazza
Mar 10, 2010·Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS·Maria Stasiuk, A Kozubek
Nov 23, 2011·Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology·Mahadevappa HemshekharKesturu S Girish
Jan 15, 2013·International Journal of Oncology·Yeong-Ae SeongGun-Do Kim
Dec 27, 2017·Plants·Erick P Gutiérrez-GrijalvaJ Basilio Heredia
Feb 15, 2018·Topics in Current Chemistry·E B Mubofu, J E Mgaya
Apr 24, 2018·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology·Valery M DembitskyAndrew B Imbs

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

Graphpad Prism

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Topics in Current Chemistry
E B Mubofu, J E Mgaya
Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
Elisa UliassiMaria Laura Bolognesi
Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
Balaji BalasubramanianKarthikeyan Murugesan
© 2021 Meta ULC. All rights reserved