Exploring the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphene paste electrodes composed of varying lateral flake sizes

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
Anthony J SlateCraig E Banks

Abstract

We report the fabrication, characterisation (SEM/EDX, TEM, XRD, XPS and Raman spectroscopy) and electrochemical properties of graphite and graphene paste electrodes with varying lateral flake sizes. The fabricated paste electrodes are electrochemically analysed using both outer-sphere and inner-sphere redox probes, namely; hexaammineruthenium(iii) chloride, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), potassium ferrocyanide(ii) and ammonium ferrous(ii) sulphate. Upon comparison of different graphite paste electrodes, a clear correlation between the lateral flake sizes (La), ranging from 1.5 mm-0.5 μm, and electrochemical activity (heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) kinetics) is evident, where an improvement in the HET is observed at smaller lateral flake sizes. We infer that the beneficial response evident when employing laterally smaller flakes is due to an increased number of edge plane like-sites/defects available upon the electrode surface, facilitating electron transfer. Interestingly, given that the overall lateral flake sizes of the graphenes utilised (10.0-1.3 μm) were significantly smaller than those studied previously, an improvement in HET kinetics was also evident with the reduction of lateral flake size; the...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Jul 28, 2019·Nanoscale·Michel WehrholdKannan Balasubramanian

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
X-ray
transmission electron

Software Mentioned

GaussView
NOVA
Gaussian

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