PMID: 11606801Oct 19, 2001Paper

Exposure to lead during critical windows of embryonic development: differential immunotoxic outcome based on stage of exposure and gender

Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology
T L BunnR R Dietert

Abstract

Previous rat studies with lead (Pb) have shown that exposure throughout the full gestational period results in persistent immunotoxicity detectable in both juvenile and adult offspring. Gender differences are also evident. However, little is known about the persistent immunotoxic effects of Pb when administered during specific stages of embryonic development. Adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were administered Pb acetate (or control acetate) in their drinking water early in gestation (days 3-9) or late in gestation (days 15-21). Significantly depressed delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses as well as elevated IL-10 production, relative monocyte numbers, and increased relative thymic weights were observed in late-gestation Pb-exposed female offspring assessed as adults. In contrast, late-gestation Pb-treated male offspring had significantly increased IL-12 production and decreased IL-10 production, while the DTH response, relative monocyte numbers and thymic weights were unchanged. With early exposure, the primary alteration was decreased nitric oxide production in Pb-treated males, whereas in Pb-treated females nitrite production was unaltered. These results suggest that at the Pb dosage employed, the embryo may be more ...Continue Reading

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