Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Nathan Lu, Charles J Malemud

Abstract

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42), respectively. There are also several atypical forms of ERK, including ERK3, ERK4, ERK5 and ERK7. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been implicated in many and diverse cellular events, including proliferation, growth, differentiation, cell migration, cell survival, metabolism and transcription. ERK1/2 is activated (i.e., phosphorylated) in the cytosol and subsequently translocated to the nucleus, where it activates transcription factors including, but not limited to, ETS, c-Jun, and Fos. It is not surprising that the ERK1/2 signaling cascade has been implicated in many pathological conditions, namely, cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation, and osteoporosis. This narrative review examines many of the cellular events in which the ERK1/2 signaling cascade plays a critical role. It is anticipated that agents designed to inhibit ERK1/2 activation or p-ERK1/2 activity will be developed for the treatment of those diseases characterized by dysregulated gene expression through ERK1/2 activation.

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Citations

Apr 29, 2020·Journal of Cellular Physiology·Jingyun HuShujie Lou
Nov 25, 2019·Journal of Natural Medicines·Bong-Seon LeeJong-Sup Bae
Jun 27, 2020·Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine·Chi ZhangHong Yu
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May 1, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Tiziana BachettiFrancesca Lantieri
May 12, 2021·Purinergic Signalling·Cristina M CastroBruce N Cronstein
Jun 25, 2021·Frontiers in Pediatrics·Emily MirizioKathryn S Torok
Jul 10, 2021·Clinical Immunology : the Official Journal of the Clinical Immunology Society·Shuang LiuPing Xin
Aug 8, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Bhakta Prasad Gaire, Ji-Woong Choi
Sep 22, 2021·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·Zilong YaoBin Yu

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
electrophoresis
nucleotide exchange
GTPase
nuclear
nuclear translocation

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