Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease - epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis

Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Thomas Greuter, Stephan R Vavricka

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, primarily of, but not restricted to the gut. Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are frequently observed and involve the joints, eyes, hepatobiliary tract, and skin. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss classical EIM focusing on epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis, highlighting recent advances in the understanding of EIM. We further discuss treatment-induced immunological phenomena, which are increasingly recognized and might challenge IBD-treating physicians in the era of biological treatment. Expert opinion: EIM considerably contributes to morbidity and mortality. Genetic studies have revealed a common genetic background between EIM and IBD and among specific EIM. Identified protein interactions have been shown to cluster in shared biological pathways. However - despite these recent advances - pathogenesis of EIM is at best partially understood. Several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed such as upregulation of tumor necrosis factor, aberrant lymphocyte homing, and cross-reactive antigen presentation. It still remains unclear whether EIM is a direct result of the inflammatory process in the gut or rather a consequence of a shared genetic ba...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 7, 2019·Seminars in Immunopathology·Markus F Neurath, Moritz Leppkes
Jul 30, 2020·Inflammatory Bowel Diseases·Mirjam MajsterElisabeth A Boström
Aug 5, 2020·Irish Journal of Medical Science·Yusuf KayarSabahattin Kaymakoglu
May 28, 2019·The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi·Ye Na Kim, Yeonsoon Jung
Jul 17, 2020·Digestive Diseases and Sciences·Alicia AlgabaUNKNOWN Spanish GETECCU Group (ENEIDA Project)
Jan 23, 2021·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Elisabetta AntonelliGiovanni Maconi
Feb 25, 2021·Digestive Diseases and Sciences·Marilia L MontenegroYan Bi
Aug 31, 2020·Digestive and Liver Disease : Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver·Cristina BezzioSimone Saibeni
Jun 3, 2021·United European Gastroenterology Journal·Neeraj NarulaWalter Reinisch
Aug 26, 2021·United European Gastroenterology Journal·René RothUNKNOWN Swiss IBD cohort study

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