Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
M Alex SmithPaul D N Hebert

Abstract

We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had mis...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 15, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Julien AprilLouis Bernatchez
Jan 5, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Ekaterina ShevtsovaJostein Kjærandsen
Dec 18, 2009·Biology Letters·Paul D N HebertJean-François Landry
May 20, 2011·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Xingli GiamPaul R Ehrlich
Oct 5, 2012·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Anu VeijalainenIlari E Sääksjärvi
Nov 30, 2012·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Jeremy A ThomasKarsten Schönrogge
Apr 5, 2013·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Elizabeth A MurrayJohn M Heraty
Aug 14, 2013·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Elisabeth A HerniouJean-Michel Drezen
Apr 28, 2010·BMC Bioinformatics·Massimiliano VirgilioMarc De Meyer
Dec 3, 2011·BMC Evolutionary Biology·Christoph SandrockChristoph Vorburger
Oct 30, 2013·BMC Ecology·Thomas S WoodcockSarah J Adamowicz
Dec 17, 2009·Frontiers in Zoology·M Alex Smith, Brian L Fisher
Jul 15, 2011·PloS One·M Alex SmithKathleen I Van Rooyen
Jan 5, 2011·PloS One·Ronara Souza FerreiraFanny Rybak
Aug 23, 2011·PloS One·Daniel H JanzenPaul D N Hebert
Jan 5, 2012·PloS One·Niclas NorrströmNoél M A Holmgren
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Nov 19, 2013·PloS One·David G Chapple, Peter A Ritchie
Jun 2, 2012·PLoS Pathogens·Kavita BitraMichael R Strand

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