Facial fold and crease development: A new morphological approach and classification

Clinical Anatomy : Official Journal of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists & the British Association of Clinical Anatomists
Tudor SandulescuWolfgang H Arnold

Abstract

Facial folds and creases are established descriptive anatomical terms for structures of which the morphological characteristics and origins are not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to perform a morphological investigation of the nasolabial fold (NLF), mandibular fold (MF), deep transverse forehead (DTFC), infraorbital fold (IOF) and upper eyelid fold (UEF), correlating their phenotypes to differences in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), noting morphological differences and similarities. Full-graft tissue blocks of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mimic muscles collected postmortem were studied histologically. Serial histological sections were stained with Azan. Location- and composition-specific morphological differences were determined. Histological serial section digitalization and three-dimensional reconstruction of the tissue blocks were performed. Three different types of SMAS architecture were identified. Type I SMAS consisted of parallel-aligned fibrous septa connecting the mimic muscles to the skin that covered the cheek, infraorbital and supraorbital, and forehead areas. Type II SMAS morphology appeared as a condensed Type I SMAS architecture with stronger fibrous septa and smaller fatty tissue ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 17, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Alexander D VardimonRachel Sarig
Nov 23, 2020·Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : Official Organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft·Tudor SandulescuWolfgang H Arnold
Sep 4, 2021·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Niamh Corduff
Jan 26, 2022·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Arthur SwiftSebastian Cotofana

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
SMAS
dissection

Software Mentioned

AutoCAD
3ds Max

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