Fast gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure (photo)ionization mass spectrometry of polybrominated diphenylether flame retardants

Analytica Chimica Acta
Robert A Di LorenzoKarl J Jobst

Abstract

Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful, complementary techniques for the analysis of environmental toxicants. Currently, most GC-MS instruments employ electron ionization under vacuum, but the concept of coupling GC to atmospheric pressure ionization (API) is attracting revitalized interest. API conditions are inherently compatible with a wide range of ionization techniques as well high carrier gas flows that enable fast GC separations. This study reports on the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and a custom-built photoionization (APPI) source for the GC-MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a ubiquitous class of flame retardants. Photoionization of PBDEs resulted in the abundant formation of molecular ions M•+ with very little fragmentation. Some photo-oxidation was observed, which differentiated critical BDE isomers. Formation of protonated molecules [M+H]+ did not occur in GC-APPI because the ionization energy of H2O (clusters) exceeds the energy of the ionizing photons. Avoiding mixed-mode ionization is a major advantage of APPI over APCI, which requires careful control of the source conditions. A fast GC-API-MS method was developed using helium and nitr...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 25, 2020·Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment·Shizuka Saito-ShidaHiroshi Akiyama
Nov 20, 2020·The Science of the Total Environment·Òscar Aznar-AlemanyEthel Eljarrat
Mar 18, 2021·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Juan F Ayala-CabreraFrancisco Javier Santos
May 14, 2021·Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·Sophia A SchreckenbachKarl J Jobst

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