Flavonoid-Rich Apple Improves Endothelial Function in Individuals at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
Nicola P BondonnoKevin D Croft

Abstract

The cardioprotective effects of apples are primarily attributed to flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin. This study aimed to determine if acute and/or chronic (4 weeks) ingestion of flavonoid-rich apples improves endothelial function, blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness in individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this randomized, controlled cross-over trial, acute and 4 week intake of apple with skin (high flavonoid apple, HFA) is compared to intake of apple flesh only (low flavonoid apple, LFA) in 30 participants. The primary outcome is endothelial function assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, while main secondary outcomes are 24 h ambulatory BP and arterial stiffness. Other outcomes include fasting serum glucose and lipoprotein profile, plasma heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox-1), F2 -isoprostanes, flavonoid metabolites, and plasma and salivary nitrate (NO3- ) and nitrite (NO2- ) concentrations. Compared to LFA control, the HFA results in a significant increase in FMD acutely (0.8%, p < 0.001) and after 4 weeks chronic intake (0.5%, p < 0.001), and in plasma flavonoid metabolites (p < 0.0001). Other outcomes are not altered significantly. A lower risk of CVD with higher appl...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 13, 2019·Food & Function·César G FragaFrancisco A Tomás-Barberán
Dec 7, 2018·Genes & Nutrition·Marynka UlaszewskaClaudine Manach
Aug 4, 2020·Food & Function·Catherine P BondonnoJonathan M Hodgson
Nov 27, 2019·European Journal of Nutrition·Bamini GopinathPaul Mitchell
Jan 14, 2020·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Berner Andrée Sandoval-RamírezRosa Solà
Jun 26, 2021·The Chinese Journal of Physiology·Jialing WangRu Zhou
Jul 3, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Pol Fernandez-GonzalezPere Garriga
Aug 5, 2021·Trends in Food Science & Technology·Gitishree DasJayanta Kumar Patra
Nov 26, 2021·Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology·Shivani Singhal, Vibha Rani

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