Flowers, leaves or both? How to obtain suitable images for automated plant identification

Plant Methods
Michael RzannyJana Wäldchen

Abstract

Deep learning algorithms for automated plant identification need large quantities of precisely labelled images in order to produce reliable classification results. Here, we explore what kind of perspectives and their combinations contain more characteristic information and therefore allow for higher identification accuracy. We developed an image-capturing scheme to create observations of flowering plants. Each observation comprises five in-situ images of the same individual from predefined perspectives (entire plant, flower frontal- and lateral view, leaf top- and back side view). We collected a completely balanced dataset comprising 100 observations for each of 101 species with an emphasis on groups of conspecific and visually similar species including twelve Poaceae species. We used this dataset to train convolutional neural networks and determine the prediction accuracy for each single perspective and their combinations via score level fusion. Top-1 accuracies ranged between 77% (entire plant) and 97% (fusion of all perspectives) when averaged across species. Flower frontal view achieved the highest accuracy (88%). Fusing flower frontal, flower lateral and leaf top views yields the most reasonable compromise with respect to ...Continue Reading

References

Jul 16, 2004·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Kevin J Gaston, Mark A O'Neill
Feb 7, 2008·IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a Publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society·G A Rovithakis
Feb 2, 2012·The Journal of Animal Ecology·Michael Rzanny, Winfried Voigt
Jun 16, 2012·Science·Shahid NaeemErika Zavaleta
Jan 24, 2014·Ecology and Evolution·Grace E P Murphy, Tamara N Romanuk
Oct 7, 2015·Trends in Ecology & Evolution·Stuart L PimmScott Loarie
Apr 6, 2018·PLoS Computational Biology·Jana WäldchenPatrick Mäder
Jun 6, 2018·IEEE Transactions on Image Processing : a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society·Sue Han LeePaolo Remagnino

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Software Mentioned

Flora Capture
iNaturalist
WTPlant
Pl
Flora Incognita
Flora Capture app
ntNet
RMSProp

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