Formation and transformation of carbon nanoparticles under electron irradiation

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
Florian Banhart

Abstract

This article reviews the phenomena occurring during irradiation of graphitic nanoparticles with high-energy electrons. A brief introduction to the physics of the interaction between energetic electrons and solids is given with particular emphasis on graphitic materials. Irradiation effects are discussed, starting from microscopic mechanisms that lead to structural alterations of the graphite lattice. It is shown how random displacements of the atoms and their subsequent rearrangements eventually lead to topological changes of the nanoparticles. Examples are the formation of carbon onions, morphological changes of carbon nanotubes, or the coalescence of fullerenes or nanotubes under electron irradiation. Irradiation-induced phase transformations in nanoparticles are discussed, e.g. the transformation of graphite to diamond, novel metal-carbon phases in nanocomposite materials or modified phase equilibria in metal crystals encapsulated in graphitic shells.

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Citations

Feb 16, 2007·Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography·Vladimir Ya ShevchenkoAlan L Mackay
Dec 29, 2010·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Bo-Hye KimMorinobu Endo
Sep 17, 2004·Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences·Mauricio Terrones, Humberto Terrones
Oct 2, 2007·Nature Materials·A V Krasheninnikov, F Banhart
Mar 9, 2013·Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal·C D LathamP R Briddon
Mar 17, 2017·Scientific Reports·Hengfei GuSongquan Wu

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