Fourier-Domain OCT Imaging of the Ocular Surface and Tear Film Dynamics: A Review of the State of the Art and an Integrative Model of the Tear Behavior During the Inter-Blink Period and Visual Fixation

Journal of Clinical Medicine
Pietro Emanuele NapoliMaurizio Fossarello

Abstract

In the last few decades, the ocular surface and the tear film have been noninvasively investigated in vivo, in a three-dimensional, high resolution, and real-time mode, by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Recently, OCT technology has made great strides in improving the acquisition speed and image resolution, thus increasing its impact in daily clinical practice and in the research setting. All these results have been achieved because of a transition from traditional time-domain (TD) to Fourier-domain (FD) technology. FD-OCT devices include a spectrometer in the receiver that analyzes the spectrum of reflected light on the retina or ocular surface and transforms it into information about the depth of the structures according to the Fourier principle. In this review, we summarize and provide the state-of-the-art in FD-OCT imaging of the ocular surface system, addressing specific aspects such as tear film dynamics and epithelial changes under physiologic and pathologic conditions. A theory on the dynamic nature of the tear film has been developed to explain the variations within the individual compartments. Moreover, an integrative model of tear film behavior during the inter-blink period and visual fixation is proposed.

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Citations

May 2, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Pietro Emanuele NapoliMaurizio Fossarello
May 14, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Pietro Emanuele NapoliMaurizio Fossarello
Jan 29, 2021·Diagnostics·Yamato YoshikawaChie Sotozono
May 1, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Wioletta Rozpędek-KamińskaIreneusz Majsterek
Apr 29, 2021·Risk Management and Healthcare Policy·Pietro Emanuele NapoliMaurizio Fossarello
May 20, 2021·Clinical Ophthalmology·Hany MahmoudIslam Awny
May 20, 2021·Clinical Ophthalmology·Iwan SoebijantoroMarsetyawan Soesatyo
Jul 22, 2021·Current Issues in Molecular Biology·Yukinobu OkajimaYuichi Hori
Aug 26, 2021·Drug Design, Development and Therapy·Jiaxin BianMing Qi
Aug 28, 2021·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Myungsik Nam, Sun Woong Kim
Nov 3, 2021·International Ophthalmology·Kubra Ozdemir YalcinsoyKenan Sonmez

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
biopsy

Software Mentioned

OCT
SD

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