Framework for gender differences in human and animal toxicology

Environmental Research
Michael Gochfeld

Abstract

Differences in exposure, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and behavior between males and females are a dominant theme in biology, transcending the plant and animal kingdoms. Yet differences due to sex and gender have not received adequate attention in human or animal toxicology nor always in epidemiology. Generalizations are often made about species' responses to xenobiotics, without data or consideration of female/male differences. Despite the leading role that pharmacology and drug development play in elucidating toxicokinetics, gender studies are relatively recent. Phenomenologic or clinical observations of sex differences often go unexplored, but pharmaceutical companies recognize the importance of enhanced understanding of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics and emphasize the value of translational or integrational research--bringing laboratory findings to bedside applications and bedside questions to laboratory study. However, for many years Food and Drug Administration guidelines specifically precluded participation of females in many drug studies. Many occupational epidemiology studies, on which much of our understanding of toxic effects is based, begin by excluding women and minorities. Sex differentiation begins in th...Continue Reading

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