Free radicals in viral pathogenesis: molecular mechanisms involving superoxide and NO

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
T AkaikeH Maeda

Abstract

The importance of free radical molecular species in the pathogenesis of various viral diseases has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Oxygen radicals such as superoxide (O2-) and hydroxyl radical (.OH) have been implicated as possible pathogenic molecules in viral disease pathogenesis. Much attention has been given to another simple inorganic radical [nitric oxide (NO)] in the host's defense mechanism and pathogenesis of virus infection. The NO synthesis pathway, in particular, the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS), is expressed in different viral diseases via induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma. iNOS produces an excessive amount of NO for a long time compared with other constitutive isoforms of NOS (i.e., neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS). Recent studies indicate that NO and O2- are produced in excess during the host's defense responses against various intruding microbes. Reactive nitrogen oxide species such as peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and NOx (NO2 and N2O3) are produced in biological systems through the reaction of NO with either O2- or O2. Among these reactive nitrogen species, ONOO- and its biological actions are of considerable interest in that ONOO- causes oxidation and nitration ...Continue Reading

Citations

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